📌 这节课讲了什么
一句话:听力填空卡住,往往不是没听到,而是没认出「定语」。
这节课用一篇 Children's Engineering Workshops(儿童工程工作坊)的 Section 1/2 填空,把英语里定语的表现形式整个捋了一遍:
- 从句做定语:
a cover **that goes round an egg** - 分词做定语(现在分词 / 过去分词):
a car **powered by balloons**、a man **standing on the stage** - 介词短语做定语:
a cover **for an egg**
三者说的是同一件事,考试时听到的形式和题目里给的形式常常对不上 —— 这就是板书最后总结的那句话:
错了不该错的题的原因:1. 听音模糊 2. 句型转换不熟练
课上还顺带串了词根(cede / cess / ceed)、地址与时间的介词(in / on / at),以及打电话时"信号不好"怎么说。
🧱 方法:定语的三副面孔
板书把它们列成了三条:
1. that / which 引导定语从句
| 说法 | 例子 |
|---|---|
| 从句在后(定语从句) | a place that is beautiful |
| 形容词在前 | a beautiful place |
2. 现在分词 / 过去分词 —— 后置定语
| 例子 | 类型 |
|---|---|
| a car powered by balloons | 过去分词 |
| a man standing on the stage | 现在分词 |
| the man standing there is my brother | 现在分词,修饰 the man |
| the girl dancing on the stage is my sister | 现在分词 |
| the window broken by Jack is worth 10 k | 过去分词 |
| a book written by Jack | 过去分词 |
3. 介词短语作定语
| 例子 | 还原成从句 |
|---|---|
| a cover for an egg | a cover that goes round an egg |
| a book for you | a book that is for you |
板书特别点了一句:
for an egg 没有动词;that goes round an egg 有动词 goes。
这就是判断的关键:短语里没有动词,从句里有动词。听力里听到的往往是带动词的从句,而卷面上写的可能是没动词的短语 —— 转换不过来,分就丢了。
板书还补了一条构词规律:
N + 过去分词 = (复合词)形容词AI powered / AI-integrated machine
a never-to-be-repeated mistake / a sit-in-the-office kind of job
以及一句:名词性从句可以做成分(主语 / 宾语)。
🧱 方法:题目里的定语,一句一句对
这篇填空里,凡是"空"后面跟着的东西,几乎都是定语。板书把卷面原样抄了下来:
| 题目 | 定语的形式 | 答案类型 |
|---|---|---|
| Create a cover for an 1 ___ so they can drop it from a height without breaking it | 物体 | egg |
| Take part in a competition to build the tallest 2 ___ | 物体 | tower |
| Make a 3 ___ powered by a balloon | 过去分词做后置定语 | 船 |
| Build model cars, trucks and 4 ___ and learn how to program them so they can move | 并列 | (见 Q4) |
| Take part in a competition to build the longest 5 ___ using card and wood | 过去分词做后置定语 | bridge |
| Create a short 6 ___ with special software | — | movie |
| Build, 7 ___ and program a humanoid robot | 并列动词 | decorate |
| Cost for a five-week block: £50 | — | — |
| Held on 8 ___ from 10 am to 11 am | 时间 | Wednesday |
| Location: Building 10A, 9 ___ Industrial Estate, Grasford | 地点 | Fradstone |
| Plenty of 10 ___ is available | — | parking |
看第 3 题和第 5 题:powered by a balloon、using card and wood 都是后置定语,它们的作用是帮你定位 —— 听到 balloon,就知道答案在它前面那个名词上。
🔁 同义替换核对
Q2(Lydia 想不想参加)
Right. And Lydia loves building things. Is there any opportunity for her to do that?
Well, they have a competition to see who can make the highest tower. You'd be amazed how high they can go.
注意 the tallest tower(题目)和 the highest tower(录音)是一回事 —— tallest ↔ highest。
Q4(初级班和高级班的区别)
Some are the same, but a bit more advanced. So they work out how to build model vehicles, things like cars and trucks, but also how to construct animals using the same sorts of material and technique, and then they learn how they can program them and make them move.
这一段的替换链是:
| 题目 / 选项可能这么写 | 录音其实是这么说 |
|---|---|
| same | Some are the same |
| more advanced | a bit more advanced |
| build | work out how to build |
| vehicles | things like cars and trucks |
| make | construct(动物是 construct,不是 build) |
| same materials | using the same sorts of material and technique |
板书在这里写了两条 work out 的意思:健身 和 解决。录音里是"解决、摸索出"。
Q5(桥的材料)
Yes, with the Junior Engineers, it's to use recycled materials like card and wood to build a bridge, and the longest one gets a prize.
That sounds fun. I wouldn't mind doing that myself!
替换关系:card and wood 对应题目里的 using card and wood;the longest one gets a prize 对应选项里的 win。
📐 语法点:use sth to do sth 与 using sth
板书写了 GRA(语法)两行,这是把"工具"放进句子里的两种位置:
| 结构 | 例子 |
|---|---|
| use sth to do sth | use my oven to cook a roasted chicken |
| 主谓宾 + using sth | I cook a roasted chicken using my oven |
同一个意思,一个把工具放在动词前面,一个用 using 挂在句尾。听力里两种都会出现,要能对上。
📐 语法点:地址与时间的介词
板书把中英文地址并排写在一起:
广东省广州市环市东路 300 号
Building B, 3070 City Rd, Richmond, BC, V5F 2G7
规律是从小到大。时间介词的三条规则板书写得很清楚:
| 介词 | 后面跟什么 | 记忆点 |
|---|---|---|
| in | 某年 / 早上 / 几天 / 一段时间 | 大范围 |
| on | 日子、某一天 | on the radio 电台里也是 on |
| at | 时间点 / 山峰 summit | 最小、最精确 |
💬 信号不好怎么说
板书有一小段专门写"打电话":
I've been working from home for too long. I feel a bit cut off.
You're cutting out. (I can barely hear you)
I am a bit cutting out.
It seems it's raining where I am. / It looks ...
我们这边下雨,好像网络不是很稳定 —— unstable / cutting out
三个点:
cut off是孤立、被切断;板书旁边标了"孤立",还有"工作'了'很长时间"对应完成时I've been working from home for too long.cutting out是声音断断续续,这是"信号不好"最地道的说法。- 描述天气/环境用
it seems .../it looks ...开头,把不确定说出来。
💬 课上精听的句子
All sorts. For example, they work together to design a special cover that goes round an egg, so that when it's inside they can drop it from a height and it doesn't break.
So they work out how to build model vehicles, things like cars and trucks, but also how to construct animals using the same sorts of material and technique, and then they learn how they can program them and make them move.
Yes, with the Junior Engineers, it's to use recycled materials like card and wood to build a bridge, and the longest one gets a prize.
That sounds fun. I wouldn't mind doing that myself!
You'd be amazed how high they can go.
这几句的共同点:主干很短,后面全挂着定语。听的时候先抓住主谓(they design a cover / they work out / it's to use),定语一块一块往上贴。
🔊 发音要点
板书单独标了三个音的嘴型:
| 音 | 要领 |
|---|---|
| ch | 嘟嘴 |
| sh | — |
| th | 舌尖放在两牙之间,如 mother |
另外板书提示了两处连读听音:
an + N—— an egground an egg—— d + an 连在一起,听起来像一个词
听力里"听不清"常常就是这种虚词连读造成的。
📐 词根:cede / cess / ceed(走)
板书右上角画了一个大大的圆圈,把同一家族的词摆在一起。核心是 cede / ceed / cess = 走:
| 前缀 | 意思 | 词 |
|---|---|---|
| pro- | 前进 | proceed(进行,V)、process(过程 N / 进展) |
| suc-(sub- 下面) | — | succeed、success |
| ex- | 超出 | excess(过量)、excess of、excess baggage |
| re- | 再 / 回 | recess(休息)、recession(衰退) |
| pre- | 时间 / "前" | precede |
再往前一步:pre + ced + ent = precedent 先例;加上否定前缀就是 unprecedented(史无前例的,板书标了"名词后缀"这一层)。
板书还用这个词根讲了一条语法:
In English, adjectives usually precede nouns.
(英语里形容词通常放在名词前面。)—— precede 就是"走在前面"。
还有一组信号词,板书写了但打了折扣:信号不好。
I am a little bit cutting off. 这句是口语里的说法,正式写的时候要小心。
📖 词汇与表达
| 英文 | 中文 | 搭配 / 用法 |
|---|---|---|
| cover | 封面、罩子 | create a cover for an egg |
| go round | 环绕 | a cover that goes round an egg |
| drop it from a height | 从高处扔下 | 不摔破 |
| tower | 塔 | the tallest tower |
| competition | 比赛 | take part in a competition to do sth |
| powered by | 由……驱动 | powered by a balloon |
| vehicle | 车辆 | model vehicles, things like cars and trucks |
| construct | 建造、搭建 | construct animals(用同样的材料) |
| technique | 技术、手法 | the same sorts of material and technique |
| program | 编程 | program them and make them move |
| recycled materials | 回收材料 | recycled materials like card and wood |
| card | 纸板 | card and wood |
| bridge | 桥 | build a bridge |
| prize | 奖 | the longest one gets a prize |
| win | 赢 | 对应最长的那座桥得奖 |
| humanoid robot | 人形机器人 | build, decorate and program |
| decorate | 装饰 | 与 build / program 并列 |
| software | 软件 | special software |
| animation | 动画 | using animation software |
| fully booked | 订满 | 关键词 |
| lecture | 讲座 | 关键词 |
| parking | 停车 | plenty of parking is available |
| industrial estate | 工业区 | Fradstone Industrial Estate |
| block | 一期(课) | a five-week block |
| work out | 解决;健身 | 录音里是"摸索出" |
| precedent | 先例 | pre + ced + ent |
| unprecedented | 史无前例的 | un + precedent + ed |
| precede | 在……之前 | adjectives usually precede nouns |
| excess | 过量 | excess of / excess baggage |
| recession | 衰退 | re + cess |
| cut off | 孤立、被切断 | I feel a bit cut off |
| cutting out | (声音)断断续续 | You're cutting out. |
| unstable | 不稳定 | 网络不稳定 |
| coding | 编程 | 相关词 |
| pick up quickly | 上手快 | pick up 学会 |
⚠️ 提醒 / 易错
1. 三个"错不该错"的原因,板书只写了两条,但两条都要治
- 听音模糊 —— 虚词连读(an egg / round an egg)、ch·sh·th 的嘴型要单独练;
- 句型转换不熟练 —— 题目给短语,录音给从句;题目给从句,录音给分词短语。这三种定语要能互相翻译。
2. 做填空题,先看空后面是什么。 powered by a balloon、using card and wood 这类后置定语,是录音给你留的"路标" —— 听到它们,答案就在前面那个名词上。
3. 同一个意思,录音会换词。 tallest → highest、build → construct、gets a prize → win、build → work out how to build。听到的不等于看到的,这一层替换要提前预判。
4. 地点时间题,顺序别写反。 英文地址从小到大:Building 10A, Fradstone Industrial Estate, Grasford;时间用 from 10 am to 11 am 这样"起点 + 终点"的说法。
