写作：小作文（图表）（课 0 / 7 / 8 / 10 / 11 / 12 / 30）

一、总框架（课 0 / 10 / 30）

1. 改写（Introduction）—— 用另一种说法重述题目
2. Overview 概述 —— 1 个明确的句子（最显眼的特征，覆盖 6-8 个数据）
3. Details（静态）—— 对比数字（"在哪、多少"）
4. Details（动态）—— 对比趋势（上升/下降）

概述写法（Overview）： 一个明确句子覆盖全部，对比 3–4 个特征，不要列数字细节。 信息推进逻辑： 从大到小（除非你想做大对比）。

二、改写（课 10）

• 名词化：The chart shows how frequently people in the USA ate at fast food restaurants between 2003 and 2013.
• The line graph compares the amount of electricity produced in France using 4 different sources of energy over the period shown on the chart.
• 同义替换：show → compare / illustrate；people → inhabitants / the population of…

三、描述数据的三句式（课 10 / 12 / 30）

句式 1：数据开头 - The percentage of people who never ate fast food was around 5%.

句式 2：完整句 + 介词短语 - The percentage of people who never ate fast food remained relatively stable at around 5%.

句式 3：完整句 + 分词/独立主格 - The percentage remained relatively stable, remaining under 5% across all three years. - … with the figure showing 5%.

静态描述（"在哪"）： - 主语 + 谓语 + 数据：In 2012, 83 million tourists visited France, and the US was the second most visited country with 66.7 million tourists. - 排名：France was the most popular destination, with a figure of 83 million. / The US was the second largest in terms of tourist numbers. / Spain ranked 2nd, followed by France, China and Italy.

动态描述（"趋势"）： - 上升：rose / increased / climbed / soared / surged / grew - 下降：fell / dropped / declined / decreased - 幅度：sharply / dramatically / significantly / slightly / gradually / modestly - 稳定：remained stable / stayed constant at… - 峰值：peaked at / rose to a peak of 430 TWH - 区间：between 50 and 80 TWH / never exceeding 50 TWH

四、比大小与倍数（课 11 / 12）

• 最大/最小：the largest / the biggest / the highest；the second largest；fifth highest
• 排序：A followed by B（A 在前，B 在后）
• 倍数：these figures were over twice as high as those for any other country / more than double the number for…
• 比较：My investment is half as much as yours. / The population of urban areas is larger than that in rural areas.
• 排序描述（课 11）：In terms of tourist numbers, France ranked first (83 million), followed by the US (66.7 million), with Spain and China each receiving just under 58 million, while Italy was ranked fifth with 46.4 million visitors.

五、逻辑衔接词（课 0 / 10）

• in each of the years / at the same time (meanwhile) / while / also
• at the other end of the scale（另一端）
• by contrast（对比）
• in other words（换句话说）
• 指代/同义替换：that / these / those（spending by tourists visiting the US… these figures were over twice as high as those for any other country）

六、四种图表要点（课 7 / 10 / 11 / 12）

Bar chart（柱图）： 每一列 = 一个类别 + 数值；overview 找最高/最低/稳定。 Line graph（线图）： 关注每条线的起点、峰值、拐点、趋势；overview 说"最重要的线"。 Table（表格）： 数据零碎，选重点对比（排名、倍数），不要全部描述（"不太可能全说完，选择描述对比"）；注意 median 中位数。 Pie chart（饼图）： 占比比较，找最大/最小，相同/相异。

分组技巧（课 11）： 哪个组别都在升 / 哪个组别都在降 / 一个升一个降 → 分组对比。 例（household spending, UK vs NZ）：

It is clear that spending on meat and beverages decreased in both countries, while expenditure on utility bills rose slightly in the UK and NZ over the period shown. Spending on leisure in the UK increased from 1980 to 2008, but decreased in NZ.

七、时态与语法注意（课 30 / 10）

• 过去时间（1980-2013）：用过去时
• 现在时间（now / at present）：用现在时
• 主谓一致：The percentage of people who… was…（percent 单数）
• 冠词：at a figure of 5% / at the other end of the scale
• 数据位置：动词后的介词短语 / 分词短语承载数据，避免罗列

经典范例（课 30 Electricity in France）：

In 1980, thermal power was the largest source of electricity, generating around 120 terawatt hours of power. Nuclear and hydroelectric produced under 70 TWH each, while renewables generated a negligible amount, never exceeding 50 TWH. Between 1980 and 2005, electricity from nuclear power peaked at 430 TWH. By contrast, the figure for thermal power fell to only 50 TWH in 2005 and remained at that level for the rest of the period. Hydroelectric stayed relatively stable, at between 50 and 80 TWH, but renewables saw a slight rise to approximately 25 TWH by the end of 2010. In other words, thermal power that was once the most important means of electricity generation was overtaken by nuclear-led output for the whole period.