📌 这节课讲了什么
这节课是"写作 + 阅读"两块。
写作这块练 bar chart 小作文,题目是 Bar chart: Fast food —— 美国人在 2003 到 2013 年间去快餐店的频率。板书把这篇作文拆成了概述段、静态 3 句话、动态 3 句话,并给了评分四个维度(TA / CC / LR / GRA)各自的抓手。
阅读这块练 T/F/NG(True / False / Not Given),两篇文章:
- Stepwells(印度的阶梯井,Q1–5)
- Tea and the Industrial Revolution(茶与工业革命,Q8–13)
板书上用大字写了阅读这部分的做法:
主题:看懂文章吗?
做对:大家来找茬
找到位置
更快读到文章大意。
也就是说,判断题不是靠"感觉",是靠回到原文找那一句,再比。
🧱 方法:阅读 T/F/NG
板书画出的动作只有两个:找到位置 → 比。
- TRUE —— 题目和原文说的是同一件事(换了词也算);
- FALSE —— 原文说的和题目相反(原文说有,题目说没有);
- NOT GIVEN —— 原文根本没提这件事。
判断题的原文句子,板书都用黄笔一行一行划了出来。举几个定位点:
Stepwells
| 题 | 题干 | 板书的定位点 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Examples of ancient stepwells can be found all over the world. | "Most stepwells are found dotted round the desert areas of Gujarat ... and Rajasthan ... while a few also survive in Delhi" |
| 2 | Stepwells had a range of functions, in addition to those related to water collection. | "the significance of this invention – the stepwell – goes beyond its utilitarian application" |
| 3 | The few existing stepwells in Delhi are more attractive than those found elsewhere. | "a few also survive in Delhi"(只说"还有几座",没说"更好看") |
| 4 | It took workers many years to build the stone steps characteristic of stepwells. | 全文讲建造年代,但没有"花了很多年"这一句 |
| 5 | The number of steps above the water level in a stepwell during the course of a year. | "When the water level was high, the user needed only to descend a few steps to reach it; when it was low, several levels would have to be negotiated." |
Tea and the Industrial Revolution
| 题 | 题干 |
|---|---|
| 8 | China's transport system was not suitable for industry in the 18th century. |
| 9 | Tea and beer both helped to prevent dysentery in Britain. |
| 10 | Roy Porter disagrees with Professor Macfarlane's findings. |
| 11 | After 1740, there was a reduction in population in Britain. |
| 12 | People in Britain used to make beer at home. |
| 13 | The tax on malt indirectly caused a rise in the death rate. |
板书在这一块圈了两个词:indirectly 和 morality —— 都是需要回原文核对的"信号词"。另外板书还写了一个提醒:succumbing、static、reduction、static - burst,其中 static 单独标了词性和意思 —— adj. 静止的。
原文里那句被圈出来的话是:
Historians had alighted on one interesting factor around the mid-18th century that required explanation. Between about 1650 and 1740, the population in Britain was static. But then there was a burst in population growth.
static(静止的)↔ burst(爆发) 这一对反义,就是判断题最爱考的地方。
🧱 结构:bar chart 的四段
板书把评分标准摊开来讲,还给了一个很形象的换算:
文章与图片的转化率 = TA = 完成度
CC = 对比 · 衔接
| 维度 | 板书上的抓手 |
|---|---|
| TA | 数据覆盖 8 个以上;精准、多维(对比);有清晰的概述句、对比关系;关键特征不能漏(极值 / 上升下降 / 趋势) |
| CC | 比较、转折、指代:between A and B / from A to B / over the 10-year period / in the years ___ and ___;while / at the other end of the scale / also / at the same time / in other words;指代词 these |
| LR | 量词:roughly / around / about / approximately;趋势动词:increase / experience(witness / see) a rise;还有名词转换 |
| GRA | 不出现结构错误;修饰要放对地方;书面语;分词 / 独立主格;% saw a rise / figures 这类表达 |
板书还强调一句:程序上的清楚,GRA / LR(先保证不出语法错,再谈用词)。
🧱 结构:第一段怎么写 —— 改写题目
原题:
The chart below shows how frequently people in the USA ate in fast food restaurants between 2003 and 2013.
板书给的改写:
The bar chart compares 6 different frequencies of Americans people in the US eating out in fast food restaurants during (over) the 10-year period.
拆解一下改写的动作:
| 原题 | 改成 |
|---|---|
| The chart below shows | The bar chart compares |
| how frequently | 6 different frequencies |
| people in the USA | Americans / people in the US |
| ate in fast food restaurants | eating out in fast food restaurants |
| between 2003 and 2013 | during / over the 10-year period |
板书还在图旁边标了三个字母的记忆法:
PEOPLE = X,frequency = Y,fast food res = Z
以及图的三个年份:03 / 06 / 13。
🧱 结构:第 2 段 —— overview(概述段,得分)
板书给了两个固定句式:
1. 极值
It is clear that ... + 1 and 2
the majority of americans ate out in fast food restaurants between once a week and twice a month.
2. 趋势
We can also see a shift / trend towards ___ eating out less frequently by the end of 2013.
板书在旁边标了两个细节:
- "直到 2013" → by the end of 2013(by + 时间点 = 到……为止);
- "吃饭在外面" → eating out。
写法上就是:先说整体大多数人怎么样(极值),再说整体往哪个方向走(趋势)。
🧱 结构:静态 3 句话 / 动态 3 句话
板书写了一条公式:
1 句话 = 时间 / 数据 / 人 + 来自哪 + 做了啥 + 在哪 + 频率。
也就是每一句都要有"人 + 数 + 事",不能只说"上升了"。
| 类型 | 要求 |
|---|---|
| 3 静态 3 句话 | 从大到小排;一定要至少有一个强烈对比 |
| 4 动态 3 句话 | 比增 / 降了多少 |
板书在图上用黄笔圈出两个柱子,写上 while,演示"强烈对比"怎么造:
Roughly 20% of people in the US dined out in fast food restaurants several times a week, while eating out daily was less frequent, with a figure of 5%.
同一句话的另外两个版本,板书也写了出来:
Americans ate out daily less frequently, with a figure of 5%.
the frequency of eating out daily is lower, at 5%.
三个版本的差别只在尾巴:with a figure of 5% / at 5%。
另外板书还写了两个小点:
- 数字要量化:
increase to # from 1 to 2(说清楚从多少到多少); - 趋势要带上年份:趋势 + by the end of 年份;
- fewer 修饰可数,less 修饰不可数。
💬 可套用的句式
开头(改写)
The bar chart compares 6 different frequencies of Americans people in the US eating out in fast food restaurants during (over) the 10-year period.
概述
It is clear that the majority of Americans ate out in fast food restaurants between once a week and twice a month.
We can also see a shift / trend towards eating out less frequently by the end of 2013.
数据句
Roughly 20% of people in the US dined out in fast food restaurants several times a week, while eating out daily was less frequently, with a figure of 5%.
Americans ate out daily less frequently, with a figure of 5%.
the frequency of eating out daily is lower, at 5%.
对比 / 衔接词(板书原样)
while / at the other end of the scale / also / at the same time / in other words
时间范围(板书原样)
between A and B / from A to B / over the 10-year period / in the years ___ and ___
📖 词汇与表达
阅读部分
| 英文 | 中文 | 搭配 / 用法 |
|---|---|---|
| stepwell | 阶梯井 | 印度建筑 |
| millennium | 千禧年、一千年 | a millennium ago |
| bygone era | 过去的时代 | from a bygone era |
| fundamental to | 对……至关重要 | fundamental to the life |
| utilitarian | 实用的 | beyond its utilitarian application |
| descent / descend | 下降 / 走下 | descend a few steps |
| vav / baori | 阶梯井的当地叫法 | Gujarat 叫 vav,Rajasthan 叫 baori |
| aquifer | 地下含水层 | an underground aquifer |
| pristine | 完好的 | in pristine condition |
| silted up | 被淤泥堵塞 | following a flood |
| derelict | 荒废的 | many are derelict and dry |
| churn butter | 搅黄油 | women combing their hair or churning butter |
| colonnaded | 有柱廊的 | 86 colonnaded openings |
| zigzagging | 之字形的 | zigzagging steps |
| ingenuity | 巧思 | a reminder of both the ingenuity and artistry |
| artistry | 艺术性 | 与 ingenuity 并列 |
| descend | 下降 | descend to the bottom |
| flourish | 兴旺 | allowed to flourish |
| dysentery | 痢疾 | prevent dysentery |
| sanitation | 卫生设施 | Sanitation did not become widespread. |
| life expectancy | 预期寿命 | 相关词 |
| static | 静止的(adj.) | the population in Britain was static |
| burst | 爆发 | a burst in population growth |
| succumbing | 死于、屈服于 | succumbing to water-borne diseases |
| reduction | 减少 | there was a reduction in population |
| indirectly | 间接地 | the tax on malt indirectly caused ... |
| malt | 麦芽 | the tax on malt |
| mortality | 死亡率 | morality / mortality 易混 |
| appraisal | 评价 | wrote a favourable appraisal of his research |
写作部分
| 英文 | 中文 | 搭配 / 用法 |
|---|---|---|
| frequency | 频率 | 6 different frequencies |
| eat out / dine out | 在外面吃 | eating out less frequently |
| fast food restaurant | 快餐店 | fast food res |
| approximately / roughly / around / about | 大约 | 量词 |
| increase | 上升 | increase to # from 1 to 2 |
| experience / witness / see a rise | 出现上升 | 趋势动词 |
| shift / trend towards | 转向 | a shift towards eating out less frequently |
| figure | 数字 | with a figure of 5% |
| at 5% | 为 5% | the frequency ... is lower, at 5% |
| by the end of 2013 | 到 2013 年底 | 趋势 + by the end of 年份 |
| fewer / less | 更少 | fewer 可数,less 不可数 |
| pass | 及格 | I'm not really expecting to pass first time. |
| pass sb | 准许通过、判定合格 | Our examiners passed all the candidates. |
| have breakfast at home | 在家吃早饭 | have breakfast twice a week at home |
⚠️ 提醒 / 易错
1. 阅读判断题的唯一动作是"回原文找那一句"。 板书的四个字:找到位置。找到之后只做两件事:一样(TRUE)、相反(FALSE)、没提(NOT GIVEN)。
2. 只看"是否提过",不看"是否合理"。 比如 Q3 说 Delhi 的那几座"更好看",原文只写了"a few also survive in Delhi" —— 提没提"更好看",才是判断依据。
3. 反义与信号词要敏感。 static(静止)对 burst(爆发);indirectly(间接)提示因果关系是"间接"的;morality 和 mortality 这种形近词要看清。
4. 小作文的概述段是得分点。 板书直接标了 overview 概述段(得分)。概述段里要出现:极值 + 趋势。
5. 至少一个强烈对比。 板书写得很硬气:从大到小,一定要至少一个强烈对比 —— 用 while 把最高和最低的两个数据摆在一起。
6. 数据要覆盖够。 板书要求:8 个以上,而且要"精准、多维"。
7. 写完检查两件事。 一是结构(GRA 不能有结构错误),二是修饰语放在该放的地方。
