第 12 课 · 说数据方法·阅读大标题匹配

📌 这节课讲了什么

两条线:

1. 说数据的方法 —— 板书标题原话:「说数据方法 · 比大小 · line / table / pie 整理」。同一堆数字,要会换着说法:排位怎么说、大小怎么说、先后怎么说、倍数怎么说;三种图(线图、表格、饼图)各有一套句型。
2. 阅读的大标题匹配(heading matching) —— 用 READING PASSAGE 2(板书标了「10 - 1 - 2」)练:一段一段划主题句,再拿标题去对。

两条线其实是一件事:都是「同一堆信息换一种说法」的能力 —— 写数据时是换个句式说数字,做标题匹配时是认出一句话被换成了哪个说法。

🧱 方法:数字的四种说法

板书把「说数据」拆成四块,各给了一串表达:

大小是从「第一」往下排的说法:the largest、the biggest、the highest 三个词都能说「最大」;第二名就是 the second largest;板书还写了 fifth higest(第五高,板书此处拼写笔误,应为 highest)。

先后只有一个结构:A followed by B —— A 在前、B 在后。写「剩下几个国家依次是……」的时候,一句 followed by 就能把后面全部打包。

倍数三种说法:two-fold(两倍)/ double the figure(是……的两倍)/ twice as much --- as(是……的两倍那么多)。哪个顺手用哪个。

🧱 方法:说排位

板书专门开了一块叫「说排位:」,给了一串同义句,全是「第二多 / 第二大」的意思:

Sichuan province is the second most in China in terms of water resource.

The US has the second largest number of visitors.

the usa was the second largest visited country

The number of visitors in the USA was the second largest

the usa was the second largest in terms of tourist numbers

五句话说的是同一件事,句子的骨架不一样:

• ... is the second most in ... in terms of ...(四川省在中国水资源方面排第二)
• ... has the second largest number of ...(美国有第二多的游客)
• ... was the second largest visited country(美国是第二大被访问的国家)
• The number of ... was the second largest(数量是第二大的)
• ... was the second largest in terms of ...(在……方面是第二大)

板书画了一条长线,把这几句串在一起 —— 考场上想到哪句写哪句,但一篇里不要连着用同一个骨架。

line graph 上的同一套说法(板书例句):

Thermal power was the largest source, generating 120 TWh

Nuclear power was the second largest source

thermal power was ranked first, followed by Nuclear power

The E power was ranked third, followed by ...(板书这句没写完)

「排第一」有两种写法:was the largest source / was ranked first;接下去用 followed by 一路往下排。

🧱 方法:line graph 的三组句型

板书在折线图旁边编了三个号,是三组「描述曲线」的工具箱:

1. 实际数据 —— 曲线在某个点的值怎么读出来:

板书例句:

thermal power stood at ...

thermal power station was ...

2. 限高 —— 说「不超过某个数」:

板书例句:

nuclear produced under 70

nuclear was under 70

3. 设定区间 —— 曲线走平时,不给一个点,给一个区间:

between and ...

hydro power station remained stable, at between 1 and 2 for ______ year.

「稳在 1 到 2 之间、持续了多少年」—— 这是折线图里最有用的一句:remain stable + at between ... and ...。

这道线图的题目与图:

The graph below shows electricity production (in terawatt hours) in France between 1980 and 2011.

图的标题是 Electricity Production in France by Source (TW-h),四条线:Thermal / Nuclear / Hydroelectric / Renewables,横轴 1980–2010 年,纵轴 0–500。板书画了大圈把整条 Nuclear 曲线圈出来 —— 核能从 1980 年的低位一路涨到四百多,是这张图最显眼的变化;Renewables 从 0 起步,一直贴底(板书在旁边写了 renewables)。

🧱 方法:table 改错 —— 「语法对了,语义不准确」

表格就是第 11 课那道 top five countries for international tourism in 2012 and 2013(France 83.0 / USA 66.7 / Spain 57.5 / China 57.7 / Italy 46.4)。

先看一份写坏的原稿(板书原文):

While Italy remained the lowest level among those countries with 46.4 million.

We can also see that those countries showed an slight increase by the previous year, with the exception of China, which decreasing slight 2 million fewer than that before.

板书的批注非常狠,一共三条:

• 现在分词做状语 —— 指着 which decreasing;
• 选择 · 描述 —— 提醒这两句在做什么;
• 语法对了 语义不准确 —— 最要命的一句提醒:句子语法没大错,但意思说不准。

改完的版本(板书原文):

While Italy remained at the lowest level among those countries, with 46.4 million visitors, we can also see that those countries showed a slight increase from the previous year, with the exception of China, which decreased slight by 2 million fewer than the previous figure.

改了哪些地方,一眼对照:

再看一组正式写法的句子(板书原文):

The USA's figure was more than double the figure for any other country

Between 2012 and 2013, Spending by tourists in the USA saw a climb from 126.2 billion in 2012 to 139.6 billion in 2013, these figures were well over twice as high as those for any other country.

Spain was ranked second in tourists spending with ...

Spain received the second highest amounts of tourist revenue, rising from 56.3 to 60.4, followed by F C and I.

However, despite decreasing the number of tourists, Chinese revenue from tourism rose by 1.7 billion in 2013.

板书在 Spending by tourists in the USA 下面写了 visiting the USA —— 同一块意思的另一种说法;在 well over twice as high as 下面画线 —— 「远不止两倍」用 well over 抬一下语气。

「虽然……但是……」的三种写法(板书排列):

However, despite decreasing the number of tourists, Chinese revenue from tourism rose by 1.7 billion in 2013.

Despite falling numbers of tourists, chinese ...

despite a decrease in the numebr of tourists, china's revenue from the tourists still showed an increase.

that- falling numbers of tourists

increase in spending / chinese tourism spending still increased

三句开头都是 despite + 名词性成分:despite decreasing the number of tourists / Despite falling numbers of tourists / despite a decrease in the number of tourists —— 注意 despite 后面不能接句子,要把动词变成 -ing 或者名词。

🧱 方法:in 和 on,看的是「里面还是上面」

板书在这里插了一组介词辨析,配了一个小图(一个人,旁边画了 car / bus / plane / train):

in —— 体积里,领域 / 范畴 / I am in finance.

into ...

on the platform —— social media / i am on it.

• in 用在有体积、有边界的东西里,也用在「领域/范畴」:I am in finance.(我做金融)
• 交通工具里,能站直走动的用 on(on the bus / on the train / on the plane),要弯腰钻进去的用 in(in the car);
• on the platform(在平台上)引申到 social media: i am on it(我在上面)。

🧱 方法:pie 先分组,再对比

饼图部分和表格是同一道大题的续写:UK 与 New Zealand,1980 和 2008,Food & drink / Utility bills / Transport / Leisure / Other。

板书在饼图旁边只写了四个字:分组 · 对比,下面列了三个箭头:

food 降

utility bills ↑

leisure

分组的意思:先把五个组别按走势归堆 —— 都在降的(food)、都在升的(utility bills)、一个升一个降的(leisure)。

板书上的句子(原文),一句一句升级:

At the same time, the leisure spending climbed slightly in the UK, while almost keeping a leveling out under 18% in NZ

板书画了个圈标注「稳定」—— leveling out 就是走平。

At the same time, leisure spending climbed in the UK, while in NZ it remained almost flat around ...

..., which was almost double the figure for spending on recreational activity in NZ

the UK spending on leisure increased over the 28-year period, rising from 27% in 1980 to 34% in 2008

the UK's average spending on leisure

spending on leisure in the UK's average home increased over the 28-year period, and accounted for 27% in 1980 and 34% in 2008, which was almost double the figure for spending on recreational activity in NZ.

最后一句是成稿:increase over the 28-year period → accounted for 27% in 1980 and 34% in 2008 → which was almost double the figure for ... in NZ。升了多少、占多少、是对方的几倍,一句话说完。板书还在 Leisure 旁边注了 recreational activities —— 换词就靠这个。

🧱 方法:阅读大标题匹配

题干(板书原文):

Reading Passage 2 has nine paragraphs, A–I. Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A–E and G–I from the list of headings below. Write the correct number, i–xi, in boxes 14–21 on your answer sheet.

List of Headings(板书全文):

(板书在 i、ii、iii、iv、vii 几行旁边打了勾,viii 旁边画了箭头,v 那一行的右边写了一个 E。)

做题动作,全在板书的划线上:一段划一句主题句,标题圈关键词。

板书圈了标题里的关键词:Changes(iii 行)、improving(ii 行),说明对标题时要抓住那个「和别的标题不一样」的词 —— 别的标题说的是修路、收费、把路网建起来,只有 iii 说的是「货被运的距离变了」。

逐段的主题句(板书划线的句子):

• B 段 —— the EU has moved from a 'stock' economy to a 'flow' economy / the relocation of some industries, particularly those which are labour intensive, to reduce production costs, even though the production site is hundreds or even thousands of kilometres away from the final assembly plant or away from users.(工厂搬远了 → 货要运的距离变了)
• C 段 —— The strong economic growth expected in countries which are candidates for entry to the EU will also increase transport flows, in particular road haulage traffic. / Between 1990 and 1998, road haulage increased by 19.4%, while during the same period rail haulage decreased by 43.5%(公路涨、铁路跌)
• D 段 —— a new imperative – sustainable development – offers an opportunity for adapting the EU's common transport policy / The ambitious objective can only be fully achieved by 2020, but proposed measures are nonetheless a first essential step towards a sustainable transport system which will ideally be in place in 30 years' time, that is by 2040.
• E 段 —— energy consumption in the transport sector was to blame for 28% of emissions of CO2, the leading greenhouse gas / CO2 emissions from transport can be expected to increase by around 50% to 1,113 billion tonnes by 2020, compared with the 739 billion tonnes recorded in 1990 / road transport is the main culprit since it alone accounts for 84% of the CO2 emissions attributable to transport(板书的 "E" 就写在标题 v 旁边)
• F 段 —— greater efforts must be made to achieve a modal shift / today rail freight services are facing marginalisation, with just 8% of market share, and with international goods trains struggling along at an average speed of 18km/h. Three possible options have emerged.
• G 段 —— The first approach would consist of focusing on road transport solely through pricing. / the lack of measures available to revitalise other modes of transport would make it impossible for more sustainable modes of transport to take up the baton.
• H 段 —— The second approach also concentrates on road transport pricing but is accompanied by measures to increase the efficiency of the other modes
• I 段 —— The third approach, which is not new, comprises a series of measures ranging from pricing to revitalising alternative modes of transport and targeting investment in the trans-European network

读出来的规律:

• 三个 approach 一段一个(G / H / I),三段的区别全在「除了收费还做了什么」:G 是 solely through pricing,H 是 but is accompanied by measures in the other modes,I 是把一系列措施都包进来。标题里 ii 的 and、iv 的 all the steps、x 的 alone 就是在区分这件事 —— 这三个词是关键词。
• 讲「目标」的段里有 long-term 味道的话(by 2020 / by 2040),讲「环境账」的段里全是排放数字,讲「货越运越远」的段里是 kilometres。主题句基本在段首或段尾,先划出来再对标题。

📖 词汇与表达

⚠️ 提醒 / 易错

1. 「语法对了 语义不准确」是这节课最重要的一句批注。 写数据句先自查:介词对不对(remain at the lowest level、increase from the previous year)、从句里有没有谓语(which decreased,不是 which decreasing)、指代清不清楚(the previous figure,不是 that before)。这些错了,句子读起来通,分数照样掉。

2. despite 后面接名词性成分。 despite decreasing the number of tourists / Despite falling numbers of tourists / despite a decrease in the number of tourists —— 三种都对,就是不能接一个完整句子。

3. 说排位别只会一个句式。 「美国是第二大」板书给了五种骨架(is the second most in ... in terms of / has the second largest number of / was the second largest visited country / The number of ... was the second largest / was the second largest in terms of)。同一段里换着用。

4. 折线图不要一个点一个点报。 能用 stood at 就用 stood at,能用 under 就不用精确数字,走平的那段直接 remain stable at between ... and ...。

5. 标题匹配的关键词是「区分的那个词」。 iii 的 Changes、ii 的 improving、x 的 alone、iv 的 all the steps —— 这些词决定了标题能不能用,不是那些每段都出现的 transport、road。