📌 这节课讲了什么
这节课只练一个动作:
读英文的时候,先在脑子里把它翻成"最简单的中文",然后照着这个中文去执行(定位、判断)。
课上用两篇阅读做了实证:
- The White Horse of Uffington(英格兰的白马山丘地画)—— TRUE / FALSE / NOT GIVEN 1–8 + 完成句子 9–13;
- I contain multitudes(Wendy Moore 评 Ed Yong 写微生物的书)—— 选择题 14–16、摘要填空 17–20、YES / NO / NOT GIVEN 21–26。
"最简单的中文"不是逐字翻译,而是把英文还原成一个能执行的动作:是"放上去白粉笔"还是"露出白粉笔"?问的是 WHAT 还是 HOW?想清楚中文,答案自己就出来了。
🧱 方法:先翻成最简单的中文,再执行
板书上留了三个示范:
示范一(判断题 5):
Geoglyphs were created by people placing white chalk on the hillside.
板书把 placing 圈了出来,旁边写了 reveal。原文说的是"把覆盖的草皮去掉,让白粉笔露出来(reveal)",不是"人把白粉笔放上去(placing)"。所以这一句的最小中文是"露出来",不是"放上去"—— 判断结果是 F。
示范二(选择题 14):
They will continue to exist for longer than the human race.
板书圈住 continue to exist for longer than,旁边写 outlive us,并把另一版 outplay you 划掉。最小中文:"它们比我们活得久"。
示范三(选择题 16):
What is the writer doing in the fifth paragraph?
板书用大字写 HOW = 方式,又在下面圈了一个 how 方式。答案是 A(explaining how a discovery was made),板书往下接了两个词:microscope(显微镜)、examine water(观察水)。第五段讲的就是列文虎克怎么用显微镜看一滴水 —— 所以是"讲一个发现是怎么做出来的"。
拆词根(板书右侧一列):
claim - 声称
ex - 向外
exclamation - 大声喊
point/mark
!!!!!!!
ex-(向外)+ claim(声称)= exclamation(大声喊出来)。板书在旁边画了一串感叹号,就是在说"喊"这个意思。
📝 第一篇:The White Horse of Uffington
TRUE / FALSE / NOT GIVEN 的定义,板书写的是:
| 选项 | 定义 |
|---|---|
| TRUE | if the statement agrees with the information |
| FALSE | if the statement contradicts the information |
| NOT GIVEN | if there is no information on this |
这一篇的判断(板书在题号右边写了答案):
| 题目 | 板书答案 |
|---|---|
| 1 Most geoglyphs in England are located in a particular area of the country. | T |
| 2 There are more geoglyphs in the shape of a horse than any other creature. | NG |
| 3 A recent dating of the Uffington White Horse indicates that people were mistaken about its age. | T |
| 4 Historians have come to an agreement about the origins of the Long Man of Wilmington. | F |
| 5 Geoglyphs were created by people placing white chalk on the hillside. | F(见上面的 placing / reveal) |
| 6 Many geoglyphs in England are no longer visible. | T |
| 7 The shape of some geoglyphs has been altered over time. | 板书划线,未标判断 |
| 8 The fame of the Uffington White Horse is due to its size. | 板书划线,未标判断 |
完成句子 9–13(从原文选 ONE WORD ONLY),板书把答案写在横线上:
| 空 | 题目 | 答案 |
|---|---|---|
| 9 | near an ancient road known as the ___ | Ridgeway |
| 10 | first reference to White Horse Hill appears in ___ from the 1070s | documents |
| 11 | according to analysis of the surrounding ___, the Horse is Late Bronze Age / Early Iron Age | soil |
| 12 | was a representation of goddess Epona – associated with protection of horses and ___ | fertility |
| 13 | was a representation of a Welsh goddess called ___ | Rhiannon |
题目的另外几行板书也划了线:a distance of 2.5 km from Uffington village、close to an ancient cemetery that has a number of burial mounds、horses shown on coins from the period 100 BCE – 1 BCE are similar in appearance、an emblem to indicate land ownership、formed part of an ancient ritual。其中 ritual 被单独圈了出来。
📝 第二篇:微生物
标题是 I contain multitudes,副标题是 Wendy Moore 评 Ed Yong 的书。
选择题 14–16:
| 题 | 板书答案 | 依据 |
|---|---|---|
| 14 What point does the writer make about microbes in the first paragraph? | D They will continue to exist for longer than the human race. | 对应 outlive us |
| 15 In the second paragraph, the writer is impressed by the fact that... | C the average individual has more microbial cells than human ones. | 原文的 30 trillion / 39 trillion 对比 |
| 16 What is the writer doing in the fifth paragraph? | A explaining how a discovery was made | HOW = 方式;microscope、examine water |
摘要填空 17–20,备选词(板书原文):
A solution ／ B partnership ／ C destruction ／ D exaggeration ／ E cleanliness ／ F regulations ／ G illness ／ H nutrition
原文(板书):
Yong's book argues that we should be more tolerant of microbes. Many have a beneficial effect, and only a relatively small number lead to 17 ........ . And although it is misleading to think of microbes as 'friendly', we should also stop thinking of them as the enemy. In fact, we should accept that our relationship with microbes is one based on 18 ........ .
New research shows that microbes have numerous benefits for humans. Amongst other things, they aid digestion, remove poisons, produce vitamins and may even help reduce obesity. However, there is a growing problem. Our poor 19 ........ our overuse of antibiotics, and our excessive focus on 20 ........ are upsetting the bacterial balance and may be contributing to the huge increase in allergies and immune system problems.
板书明确写出来的是:18 → B(partnership)。选项框里被圈的是 B partnership、E cleanliness、H nutrition,并在 nutrition 下面写了 nurture(培育)。17、19、20 三个空,板书上标的小字母看不清,这里略过。
YES / NO / NOT GIVEN 21–26,板书写的是:
| 选项 | 定义 |
|---|---|
| YES | if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer |
| NO | if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer |
| NOT GIVEN | if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this |
答案(板书原文):
| 题 | 题目 | 板书答案 |
|---|---|---|
| 21 | It is possible that using antibacterial products in the home fails to have the desired effect. | yes |
| 22 | It is a good idea to ensure that children come into contact with as few bacteria as possible. | no |
| 23 | Yong's book contains more case studies than are necessary. | NG |
| 24 | The case study about bacteria that prevent squid from being attacked may have limited appeal. | yes |
| 25 | Efforts to control dengue fever have been surprisingly successful. | NG |
| 26 | Microbes that reduce the risk of infection have already been put inside the walls of some hospital wards. | no |
注意 23 和 25 都是 NG —— 板书把这两个字母用大字写在了题目右边,是这节课特意强调的地方。
📖 词汇与表达
| 英文 | 中文 | 搭配 / 用法 |
|---|---|---|
| reveal | 露出、揭示 | reveal the gleaming white chalk below |
| geoglyph | 地画 | hill figures / geoglyphs |
| chalk | 白垩 | white chalk on the hillside |
| scour | 冲刷、清理 | 与"清理草皮"同一段 |
| cemetery | 墓地 | an ancient cemetery |
| burial mounds | 坟冢 | a number of burial mounds |
| ritual | 仪式 | formed part of an ancient ritual |
| emblem | 徽记 | an emblem to indicate land ownership |
| fertility | 生育力 | associated with protection of horses and fertility |
| mythology | 神话 | Welsh mythology |
| goddess | 女神 | goddess Epona |
| claim | 声称 | ex- 系列词根 |
| exclamation | 大声喊、感叹 | ex(向外)+ claim(声称) |
| microscope | 显微镜 | 第五段的工具 |
| outlive | 活得比……久 | outlive us |
| microbe | 微生物 | I contain multitudes |
| bacteria | 细菌 | as few bacteria as possible |
| beneficial | 有益的 | Many have a beneficial effect. |
| tolerant | 容忍的 | we should be more tolerant of microbes |
| antibiotics | 抗生素 | our overuse of antibiotics |
| antibacterial | 抗菌的 | antibacterial products in the home |
| allergies | 过敏 | the huge increase in allergies |
| immune system | 免疫系统 | immune system problems |
| digestion | 消化 | they aid digestion |
| obesity | 肥胖 | help reduce obesity |
| squid | 鱿鱼 | bacteria that prevent squid from being attacked |
| dengue fever | 登革热 | Efforts to control dengue fever |
| hospital wards | 病房 | inside the walls of some hospital wards |
| solution | 解决办法 | 选项 A |
| partnership | 伙伴关系 | 选项 B;18 题答案 |
| destruction | 破坏 | 选项 C |
| exaggeration | 夸大 | 选项 D |
| cleanliness | 清洁 | 选项 E |
| regulations | 规定 | 选项 F |
| illness | 疾病 | 选项 G |
| nutrition | 营养 | 选项 H |
| nurture | 培育 | 板书写在 nutrition 下面 |
⚠️ 提醒 / 易错
- placing ≠ reveal。 一个"放上去",一个"露出来" —— 差一个动作,答案就反了。这就是"最简单的中文"要做的事;
- 看到 HOW,先问"方式"。 题 16 的四个选项里,只有 A 在讲"怎么发现的",其他的都在讲"什么"(theories / confusion / disease);
- 替换词要认得:
continue to exist for longer than= outlive; - 两套判断题不要混: TRUE / FALSE / NOT GIVEN 判断的是"信息"(agrees with the information),YES / NO / NOT GIVEN 判断的是"作者的观点"(agrees with the claims of the writer);
- NOT GIVEN 不是"没见过",而是"说不出来"。 板书给的定义是:it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this。
