📌 这节课讲了什么
两篇阅读精读连上:17-4-2 和 17-4-3。
- 17-4-2:历史学家 Sheilagh Ogilvie 用一个"德国村民大数据库"研究教育与经济增长的关系,练了段落信息匹配(A–F,第 14–18 题)、摘要填空(第 19–22 题)、双选(第 25–26 题)。
- 17-4-3:盲棋冠军 Timur Gareyev 的人物特写,练了段落信息匹配(A–H,第 27–32 题)、TRUE / FALSE / NOT GIVEN(第 33–36 题)、摘要填空 ONE WORD ONLY(第 37–40 题)。
贯穿两篇的动作还是那一个:题干里的关键词 → 回原文找根据 → 圈出对应句。板书上凡是划线、圈词的地方,都是"对应"落地的位置。
🧱 方法:段落信息匹配,先定段落再定句子
段落信息匹配题(Which section/paragraph contains the following information?)的做题动作:
- 把题干压成一个名词短语。 比如 15 题"examples of the sources the database has been compiled from",核心就是 sources(来源)。
- 拿着这个"事儿"去扫每段的主题句,找到讲这件事的那一段 —— 不要从头逐句读。
- 找到之后再回读那一句,把对应词圈出来。
板书记下的两条提醒:
- 这类题字母可以重复使用(NB You may use any letter more than once)—— 27 和 32 的答案就都落在同一段。
- 找的时候先问自己"这段在讲什么",再看细节;板书右上角的便签写着 会 / 不会 / 某个地区会 / 关联 —— 判断的是"这段话和题干这件事关不关联"。
📝 17-4-2 精读:两个德国村庄的数据库
文章脉络(六节,A–F):
- A:过去十年,剑桥大学经济学院的 Sheilagh Ogilvie 教授带队,建起了一个关于 1600–1900 年德国西南部村民生活的庞大数据库:court records(法庭记录)、guild ledgers(行会账本)、parish registers(教区登记册)、village censuses(村庄人口普查)、tax lists(税单),加上最新的 9,000 份手写清单,记录了三百年间普通男女的一百多万件个人物品。Ogilvie 想用它解开一个经济学家长期困惑的难题(conundrum):教育与一国经济增长之间的因果关系,一直找不到证据。
- B:历史的反例。1600–1900 年,英格兰的识字率按欧洲标准只是中等(mediocre),经济却增长很快,还是第一个工业化的国家;而德国和斯堪的纳维亚识字率很高,经济却增长缓慢、工业化很晚。现代跨国分析也找不到"教育推动增长"的证据,只找到"增长带动教育"的证据。
- C:清单里能挖出什么。手写清单记录的是人们在结婚、再婚、去世时的全部家当("From badges to Bibles ... entire worldly goods are included");农业工具和手工艺工具能反映经济活动;书和文具(pens and slates)能看出教育;税单记录农场、作坊、资产、债务的价值;签名和人们对年龄的估计反映识字与算术水平;法庭记录则暴露阻碍(如行会的活动)。以前的研究只有单一指标(办不办学校、入学率、会不会签名),而这个数据库能给同一个人提供多个指标,把识字、算术、财富、勤勉度(industriousness)连起来分析。
- D:数据库建在"人口重建"的基础上,能追踪同一批人和他们的后代三百年。例子一:24 岁的 Ana Regina 和 Magdalena Riethmüllerin,1707 年因为在教堂里看书而不是听布道被责骂 —— Ogilvie 说这说明他们离校至少十年后还在继续提高阅读能力。例子二:50 岁的未婚女子 Juliana Schweickherdt,住在黑森林小镇 Wildberg,1752 年被当地织工行会斥责,因为她"weaving cloth and combing wool, counter to the guild ordinance"(违反行会条例织布、梳毛)。她继续接保留给男性行会成员的活,被传唤到行会法庭,罚了相当于一个仆人年工资三分之一的钱。板书在旁边写着 male / female(这件事的关键是性别)和 defiance 违抗、蔑视。
- E:数据收集阶段已完成,现在该"问大问题"了。方法之一:hold wealth constant(让财富不变) —— 追踪不同人里"财富水平相同"的那些人,看教育是否和种新作物、采用缝纫机这样的工业创新相关。还要问:是教育的哪个方面在起作用 —— 识字?算术?藏书?上学年数?有没有一个threshold / tipping point(临界点)?
- F:结论与意义。Ogilvie 说,教育与经济增长的关系 far from straightforward。"German-speaking central Europe is an excellent laboratory for testing theories of economic growth" —— 1600–1900 年,那里的识字率和藏书量都很高,地区却依然贫穷;当地行会和商人协会权力极大,立法压制任何破坏其垄断的事,行会阻止劳动力流动(blocked labour migration)、抵制可能削弱其影响的改变。早期发现表明:教育对经济的好处,会被其他壁垒挡住 —— 这对今天也有意义,发展中国家花大钱改善教育,但如果制度限制人们(尤其是女性和穷人)把教育用在有产出的地方,教育就带不来增长。
第 25–26 题(双选):Which TWO of the following statements does the writer make in Section F about guilds in German-speaking Central Europe between 1600 and 1900? 答案:B、D。
- B — They were opposed to people moving to an area for work. 对应 F 段:"guilds blocked labour migration"。
- D — They opposed practices that threatened their control over a trade. 对应 F 段:"resisted changes that might reduce their influence"。
第 14–18 题(哪一节包含以下信息):
| 题号 | 题干 | 板上圈出的对应 |
|---|---|---|
| 14 | an explanation of the need for research to focus on individuals with a fairly consistent income | 板上把 individuals with a fairly consistent income 整句划线 |
| 15 | examples of the sources the database has been compiled from | compiled from 被圈 —— 回到 A 段的 sources 清单 |
| 16 | an account of one individual's refusal to obey an order | refusal to obey an order 被划线 —— Juliana 的故事 |
| 17 | a reference to a region being particularly suited to research into the link between education and economic growth | region / particularly suited 被圈 —— F 段的 laboratory |
| 18 | examples of the items included in a list of personal possessions | a list of personal possessions 被圈 —— C 段的清单 |
第 19–22 题(摘要填空),板上写出的答案:
Demographic reconstruction of two German communities The database that Ogilvie and her team has compiled sheds light on the lives of a range of individuals, as well as those of their 19 descendants, over a 300-year period. For example, Ana Regina and Magdalena Riethmüllerin were reprimanded for reading while they should have been paying attention to a 20 sermon. There was also Juliana Schweickherdt, who came to the notice of the weavers' guild in the year 1752 for breaking guild rules. As a punishment, she was later given a 21 fine. Cases like this illustrate how the guilds could prevent 22 innovation and stop skilled people from working.
- 19 的 descendants 对应 D 段 "We can follow the same people – and their descendants – across 300 years"。
- 20 的 sermon 对应 D 段 "for reading books in church instead of listening to the sermon"。
- 21 的 fine 对应 D 段 "told to pay a fine equivalent to one third of a servant's annual wage"。
- 22 的 innovation 对应 F 段 "held back even the simplest industrial innovation"。
🔁 17-4-2 的原文对应核对
| 原文 | 题目里的改写 |
|---|---|
| court records, guild ledgers, parish registers, village censuses, tax lists ... 9,000 handwritten inventories | examples of the sources the database has been compiled from |
| the same level of wealth over a period of time | individuals with a fairly consistent income |
| German-speaking central Europe is an excellent laboratory for testing theories of economic growth | a region being particularly suited to research into the link between education and economic growth |
| blocked labour migration | opposed to people moving to an area for work |
| resisted changes that might reduce their influence | opposed practices that threatened their control over a trade |
| held back even the simplest industrial innovation | prevent innovation and stop skilled people from working |
📝 17-4-3 精读:Timur Gareyev — blindfold chess champion
文章脉络(八节,A–H):
- A:下个月,Gareyev 要同时对阵近 50 名对手;对手正常下棋,他全程蒙眼(blindfolded)。28 岁的他靠花哨的衣服和发型在盲棋这个小圈子里很显眼;他的乐子来自 BASE jumping(定点跳伞);2013 年一场 10 小时马拉松里,他闭着眼同时下了 33 盘,赢 29 盘、一盘没输。外号 blindfold King。
- B:UCLA 的研究者研究他,希望弄明白他这类人是怎么完成这种脑力壮举的。Jesse Rissman 说:"The ability to play a game of chess with your eyes closed is not a far reach for most accomplished players." 真正惊人的是能同时"开着"多少盘棋:"the number of games they can keep active at once. To me it is simply astonishing."
- C:履历 —— 6 岁在乌兹别克斯坦学棋,祖父启蒙;8 岁第一次比赛;16 岁成为亚洲最年轻的国际象棋特级大师;之后移居美国,帮所在大学拿到第一个全国大学象棋冠军;2013 年排名美国第三。
- D:外行看盲棋像超能力,但其实有几百年的历史 —— 欧洲第一场有记录的盲棋在 13 世纪的佛罗伦萨;1947 年阿根廷特级大师 Miguel Najdorf 在脑中同时下 45 盘,24 小时里赢下 39 盘。
- E:盲棋到底是什么 —— 高手可以在没意识到的情况下练成;下棋本身就是在脑中推演走法,由此形成对棋形、攻防的记忆("You recreate it in your mind")。Gareyev 说 "A lot of players are capable of doing what I'm doing." 真正的挑战是同时下多盘:每一盘每个子的位置都要记住、要在需要时准确调出、要跟着对手的走法更新、还要可靠地存回去。开局几步反而难记(因为没意思);一盘棋的结尾最费劲(the ends of games are taxing),人一累,记忆就 patchy。
- F:科学家先给他做标准记忆测试(记数字、图片、单词):一般人一次能记 7 个左右数字,他并不突出。"We didn't find anything other than playing chess that he seems to be supremely gifted at." 然后是脑扫描:他大脑里负责下棋的 frontoparietal control network(额顶控制网络)的连通度比一般人高得多;同时扫描的 63 人里只有一两个得分更高。Rissman 说这个网络几乎参与所有复杂任务 —— 分配注意力、记住规则、判断该不该回应。
- G:扫描还显示,他的视觉网络与其他脑区的连接比常人更强;处理视觉图像(比如棋盘)的脑区和别的区域联系更多;不过分析还没定论。
- H:他的目标与优先级 —— 希望 16 小时左右下完 47 盘盲棋,胜率要到 80% 才能拿到那个头衔。他说:"I don't worry too much about the winning percentage, that's never been an issue for me." "The most important part of blindfold chess for me is that I have found the one thing that I can fully dedicate myself to. I miss having an obsession."
第 27–32 题(哪一段包含以下信息),板上写出的答案:
| 题号 | 题干 | 答案 |
|---|---|---|
| 27 | a reference to earlier examples of blindfold chess | D(13 世纪佛罗伦萨、1947 年 Najdorf) |
| 28 | an outline of what blindfold chess involves | E(脑中推演、记住并更新每个子) |
| 29 | a claim that Gareyev's skill is limited to chess | F("We didn't find anything other than playing chess ... supremely gifted at") |
| 30 | why Gareyev's skill is of interest to scientists | B(研究者的目的:understanding how he and others like him can perform such mental feats) |
| 31 | an outline of Gareyev's priorities | H(47 盘、16 小时、80%、dedicate myself) |
| 32 | a reason why the last part of a game may be difficult | E(the ends of games are taxing, as exhaustion sets in) |
注意 28 和 32 都落在 E 段 —— 题目允许重复使用字母。
第 33–36 题(TRUE / FALSE / NOT GIVEN),板上写出的答案:
- 33 → FALSE。 In the forthcoming games, all the participants will be blindfolded. 板上把 all the participants 划了线;原文 A 段说对手照常下,只有 Gareyev 蒙眼(While his challengers will play the games as normal, Gareyev himself will be blindfolded)—— 直接矛盾。
- 34 → NOT GIVEN。 Gareyev has won competitions in BASE jumping. 原文只说他从定点跳伞里找乐子(he gets his kicks from the adventure sport of BASE jumping),没有提到他赢过比赛。
- 35 → NOT GIVEN。 UCLA is the first university to carry out research into blindfold chess players. 原文只提到 UCLA 的研究者做了研究,没有说"第一个"。
- 36 → TRUE。 Good chess players are likely to be able to play blindfold chess. 原文 B 段:"The ability to play a game of chess with your eyes closed is not a far reach for most accomplished players";E 段 Gareyev 也说 "A lot of players are capable of doing what I'm doing."
板上的 NOT GIVEN 便签写着:看看有没有 / 事实 / 支撑 / 或反驳 / 题目的反向观点 —— 找"有没有事实支撑",以及"原文是否反驳了题目的反向说法";都没有,才是 NOT GIVEN。
第 37–40 题(摘要填空,ONE WORD ONLY),标题 How the research was carried out:
The researchers started by testing Gareyev's 37 ___ ; for example, he was required to recall a string of 38 ___ in order and also in reverse order. Although his performance was normal, scans showed an unusual amount of 39 ___ within the areas of Gareyev's brain that are concerned with directing attention. In addition, the scans raised the possibility of unusual strength in the parts of his brain that deal with 40 ___ input.
板上圈出的定位词:Gareyev's、a string of、in order and also in reverse order、performance was normal、directing attention、input —— 拿着这些词回 F 段和 G 段找原词。
🔁 17-4-3 的原文对应核对
| 原文 | 题目里的改写 |
|---|---|
| While his challengers will play the games as normal, Gareyev himself will be blindfolded | all the participants will be blindfolded(矛盾 → FALSE) |
| he gets his kicks from the adventure sport of BASE jumping | has won competitions in BASE jumping(原文没说 → NOT GIVEN) |
| the ability to play a game of chess with your eyes closed is not a far reach for most accomplished players | good chess players are likely to be able to play blindfold chess |
| But displays of the feat go back centuries. The first recorded game in Europe was played in 13th-century Florence. In 1947 ... Najdorf played 45 simultaneous games | earlier examples of blindfold chess |
| The real mental challenge comes from playing multiple games at once ... memorised ... recalled ... updated ... stored again | what blindfold chess involves |
| most people manage about seven ... He was not exceptional | a claim that Gareyev's skill is limited to chess |
| The most important part ... is that I have found the one thing that I can fully dedicate myself to | an outline of Gareyev's priorities |
| the ends of games are taxing too, as exhaustion sets in | a reason why the last part of a game may be difficult |
📖 词汇与表达
| 英文 | 中文 | 搭配 / 用法 |
|---|---|---|
| conundrum | 难题、谜题 | a conundrum that has long puzzled economists |
| parish register | 教区登记册 | court records, guild ledgers, parish registers |
| census | 人口普查 | village censuses |
| guild | 行会 | the weavers' guild; guild ordinance |
| ledger | 账本 | guild ledgers |
| inventory | (财产)清单 | 9,000 handwritten inventories |
| literacy / numeracy | 识字 / 算术 | literacy and numeracy levels |
| mediocre | 平庸的、中等的 | only mediocre literacy rates |
| industrialise | 工业化 | the first country to industrialise |
| spinster | 未婚女子 | a 50-year-old spinster |
| reprimand | 斥责 | was reprimanded in 1752 |
| chastise | 责骂 | were chastised in 1707 |
| sermon | 布道 | instead of listening to the sermon |
| defiance | 违抗、蔑视 | a small act of defiance |
| monopoly | 垄断 | anything that undermined their monopolies |
| labour migration | 劳动力流动 | guilds blocked labour migration |
| threshold / tipping point | 临界点 | a threshold level – a tipping point |
| hold wealth constant | 让财富不变 | 研究设计用语 |
| blindfold | 蒙眼的 | blindfold chess |
| the uninitiated | 外行 | To the uninitiated, blindfold chess seems to call for superhuman skill |
| grandmaster | 特级大师 | the Argentine grandmaster Miguel Najdorf |
| simultaneous | 同时的 | 45 simultaneous games in his mind |
| rarefied | 小众而高深的 | the rarefied world of blindfold chess |
| get his kicks | 从中找乐子 | he gets his kicks from BASE jumping |
| not a far reach | 并非遥不可及 | is not a far reach for most accomplished players |
| frontoparietal control network | 额顶控制网络 | 脑区名 |
| recall | 回想、调取 | his recall can get patchy |
| patchy | 时好时坏的 | his recall can get patchy |
| taxing | 费力的 | the ends of games are taxing |
| exhaustion | 精疲力竭 | as exhaustion sets in |
| obsession | 痴迷 | I miss having an obsession |
| dedicate oneself to | 投身于 | the one thing that I can fully dedicate myself to |
⚠️ 提醒 / 易错
- 段落信息匹配先把题干压成"一件事"。 sources、refusal、laboratory、priorities —— 拿到这个核心词再去扫段落主题,不要读完全文再回头。
- 字母可以重复用。 27–32 里 E 段被用了两次,看到两个题干落在同一段不要怀疑自己。
- TRUE / FALSE / NOT GIVEN 的区分:原文说"只有他蒙眼",题干说"所有人都蒙眼" → FALSE;原文只说他玩定点跳伞、没说赢过比赛 → NOT GIVEN。判断的关键是"原文有没有这事实",而不是"听起来合不合理"。
- 摘要填空 ONE WORD ONLY:37–40 每题只能填一个词,先看空前空后的搭配(Gareyev's ___ / a string of ___ / deal with ___ input),再回原文抄原词。
- 数字与年龄是定位点。 28-year-old、33 games、63 people、80% —— 板书上把这些数字圈出来,是因为题干改写时数字往往原样保留,是最快的定位锚。
