📌 这节课讲了什么
这节课只讲一件事:定语。所谓定语,就是「贴在名词上的说明」——中文说「上海那班飞机」,英文不能把两个说法直接叠在一起,必须选一种形式挂上去。板书把定语拆成三种形式:形容词、介词短语、定语从句,并且用「手表」这道口语题,把同一句话一层层加长,让你看见三种形式是怎么互换的。
后半段讲说话思路:板书把 P / LR / GRA / FC 四项评分标准都打了勾,旁边写着一句 idea = 事实 —— 先把想说的那句「事实」立住,再考虑用哪种定语把它接到句子上。
🧱 总览:定语的三种形式
| 形式 | 板书写法 | 位置 |
|---|---|---|
| 形容词 | a heavy suitcase / a delayed flight / an available seat / the international departure hall | 名词前 |
| 介词短语 | luggage on the conveyor belt | 名词后 |
| 定语从句 | the flight that went to shanghai is cancelled | 名词后 |
记住这个大方向:形容词往名词前面塞,介词短语和从句都跟在名词后面。
🧱 形式一:形容词做定语
板书给的四个例子,全部是「形容词 + 名词」直接贴在一起:
a heavy suitcase
a delayed flight
an available seat
the international departure hall
这一类最省事:要形容什么,形容词直接放名词前。
🧱 形式二:介词短语做定语
板书先给了公式:
介词短语 = 介词 + 宾语
并且给介词画了一个很好记的比方:介词像双面胶——两面各粘一头,前面粘名词,后面粘它的宾语。板书上把 luggage 和 the conveyor belt 分列左右,中间就是那个 on,一眼能看出介词是「连接件」,不是句子成分。
板书上出现过的介词短语,整理成表:
| 介词短语 | 中文 |
|---|---|
| luggage on the conveyor belt | 传送带上的行李 |
| beside the check-in counter | 值机柜台旁边 |
| across from the duty-free shop | 免税店对面 |
| opposite the duty-free shop | 免税店对面 |
| behind the baggage claim | 行李提取处后面 |
| in front of the information desk | 问询台前面 |
| in the shopping mall | 商场里 |
| in my drawer | 我抽屉里 |
板书把 opposite 和 across from 并排写在一起,两个是同一个意思,可以互换。
把两句合成一句 —— 板书上的演示:
- 原句拆开:
the passenger is waiting.
she is in front of the information desk.
- 合成:
the passenger in front of the information desk is waiting.
板书在 the passenger 和 is waiting 上面各画了一道横线,意思很清楚:主干(主语 + 谓语)先站住,定语插在主语后面,把「是哪个乘客」交代清楚,主干不动。
板书上的完整句子还有:
I am looking for a person across from the duty free shop.
I am waiting for you at the dior in the shopping mall.
looking for the elevator behind the baggage claim
最后一条板书上就是个片段(没有主语),它演示的是:介词短语链在后面,一层一层把位置说细。
🧱 形式三:定语从句
板书先写了一句「中文式」的错句:
the flight went to shanghai is cancelled
一个名词后面不能直接跟两个动词。要在第二个动词前面补上 that:
the flight that went to shanghai is cancelled
同一句「上海那班飞机取消了」,板书给了五种说法:
| 说法 | 用的是什么形式 |
|---|---|
| The flight that went to shanghai is cancelled. | 定语从句 |
| The flight going to shanghai is cancelled. | 现在分词短语 |
| The flight to shanghai was cancelled. | 介词短语 |
| The flight was cancelled. It's the one to shanghai. | 拆成两句 |
| The flight was cancelled, to shanghai. | 补充在句尾 |
同一个意思,从最省事的介词短语起手,不够用再往上加从句——这是板书想让你看见的「升级链」。
名词化:板书把
Buying an expensive watch in a luxurious shopping mall is a high-end experience.
改成
the process of buying an expensive watch in a luxurious shopping mall is a high-end experience.
同一个意思,套上 the process of 之后,句子的主语变成一个「过程」,更适合往下接别的话。
同位语从句 —— The fact that ...
The fact that buying an expensive watch in a luxurious shopping mall is a high-end experience is true.
主语已经被拉得很长了,句尾就剩一个 is true 收住——板书用这句演示:再长的意思也能靠一个从句整块搬进句子里。
再回到最简单的样子:
the bag on the conveyor belt is mine.
板书在这句旁边打了勾,还写了 100%,意思是:最朴素、最好用、最不容易错的,还是介词短语做定语。
🧱 说话思路:idea = 事实
板书把 (P) / (LR) / (GRA) / (FC) 四项评分标准每一条后面都打了勾,然后一个箭头指向一句话:
idea = 事实
意思是:开口之前,先确认你要说的那个 idea 能不能落成一句站得住的「事实」——主谓完整、说得清真假;立住了,再考虑用形容词、介词短语还是从句,把它挂到别的名词上去。定语不是装饰,它是把一句「事实」接进另一句话的工具。
💬 三道口语题:同一个话题,三种定语全用上
板书记了三道 watch 话题的题面,以及对应的回答骨架。
Q1: Do you wear a watch?
No, but I understand that the watch on people's wrist is their time keeper.
Watches in the shopping mall are usually expensive, so I don't wear a watch.
板书顺手记了 mall 的拼写:m + all。
Q2: Have you ever got a watch as a gift?
the watch in my drawer was given by my sister.
you know, a gift from your family is a bond, is a form of love from their heart.
... is because of poor time management. and that's why she gave me a watch / a digital watch to help me manage time better.
板书把 bond 圈了起来——这是这句回答里的关键名词(礼物是家人之间的「纽带」);后面接着说给表的原因:时间管理不好,所以送表帮忙管时间。
Q3: Why do some people wear expensive watches?
an expensive watch on their wrists is a barrier to a particular social circle.
Buying an expensive watch in a luxurious shopping mall is a high-end experience, which provides them a social status.
同一个意思再换个说法:
the process of buying an expensive watch in a luxurious shopping mall is a high-end experience.
💬 直接可以说出口的句子
把定语挂上去之后,这些句子就是整句可以抬走的:
luggage on the conveyor belt
the bag on the conveyor belt is mine.
I am looking for a person across from the duty free shop.
I am waiting for you at the dior in the shopping mall.
the passenger in front of the information desk is waiting.
No, but I understand that the watch on people's wrist is their time keeper.
Watches in the shopping mall are usually expensive, so I don't wear a watch.
the watch in my drawer was given by my sister.
you know, a gift from your family is a bond, is a form of love from their heart.
and that's why she gave me a watch / a digital watch to help me manage time better.
an expensive watch on their wrists is a barrier to a particular social circle.
Buying an expensive watch in a luxurious shopping mall is a high-end experience, which provides them a social status.
The fact that buying an expensive watch in a luxurious shopping mall is a high-end experience is true.
📖 词汇与表达
| 英文 | 中文 | 搭配 / 用法 |
|---|---|---|
| heavy | 沉的 | a heavy suitcase |
| delayed | 延误的 | a delayed flight |
| available | 可用的、有空位的 | an available seat |
| departure hall | 出发大厅 | the international departure hall |
| conveyor belt | 传送带 | luggage on the conveyor belt |
| check-in counter | 值机柜台 | beside the check-in counter |
| duty-free shop | 免税店 | across from the duty-free shop |
| baggage claim | 行李提取处 | behind the baggage claim |
| information desk | 问询台 | in front of the information desk |
| opposite | 在……对面 | opposite the duty-free shop |
| across from | 在……对面 | across from the duty free shop |
| elevator | 电梯 | looking for the elevator |
| time keeper | 报时器 | the watch ... is their time keeper |
| drawer | 抽屉 | the watch in my drawer |
| bond | 纽带 | a gift from your family is a bond |
| barrier | 屏障、门槛 | a barrier to a particular social circle |
| luxurious | 豪华的 | a luxurious shopping mall |
| high-end | 高端的 | a high-end experience |
| social status | 社会地位 | provides them a social status |
| social circle | 社交圈 | a particular social circle |
| time management | 时间管理 | because of poor time management |
| digital watch | 电子表 | a digital watch |
⚠️ 提醒 / 易错
- 介词是双面胶。 介词短语做定语时,它粘在名词的后面,不能挪到前面去。左边粘行李、右边粘传送带,顺序反了就不成句。
- 一个名词后面不能直接跟两个动词。 the flight went to shanghai is cancelled 是错的,要补 that:the flight that went to shanghai is cancelled。
- 主干别被定语拆开。 板书在 the passenger 和 is waiting 上画了横线——不管定语插多长,主语和谓语这根主干要先站住。
- 同一个意思有多种说法,别只会一种。 定语从句 / 分词短语 / 介词短语 / 拆成两句,板书把「上海那班飞机」的五种说法并排列出来,就是为了让手上多几张牌。
- 先说事实,再挂定语。 板书那句 idea = 事实 是这节课的总提醒:想清楚你要说的那句「事实」是什么,再决定用哪种形式挂上去。
