📌 这节课讲了什么
这节是语法课,讲的是关系代词(that / which / who)和关系副词(where / why / when)到底怎么分。
板书给出的判别口径很干脆:关系代词在从句里做主语或宾语,所以从句是缺一块的;关系副词在从句里做状语(地点、时间、原因),所以从句是完整的。左边一整栏全是 where / why / when 的例子,右边一整栏全是 that / which / who 的例子,对照着看。
下半节把语法拉回到说话上:板书标题的第二个短语就是「说话如何利用引子」。用 What kind of clothes do you like to wear? 和 Do you like wearing T-shirts? 两个 P1 问题,把 clothes that make me comfortable 这类定语从句,和 you know / and / so / yeah 这类引子缝成一段完整的话。
最后用一段视频评论(讲「活在当下」的那条)做精听材料,里面全是关系代词堆叠的长句。
📐 语法点:关系代词 vs 关系副词
先看骨架
板书左上角先把句子拆成三块:
| 符号 | 含义 | 板书批注 |
|---|---|---|
| S | 主语 | subjective 主观的 |
| V | 谓语动词 | |
| O | 宾语 | objective 客观的 |
然后列出三条主干公式:
- N + that → 定从(定语从句)
- N + where + SVO → 定从
- it is + N / 时间状语 / 地点状语 + that + SVO / VO → 强调句
一句话:名词后面挂从句,看从句里缺不缺东西,就知道该用关系代词还是关系副词。
关系代词:that / which / who —— 在从句里做主、做宾
| 板书例句 | 关系词在从句里做什么 |
|---|---|
| This is a book that you gave me. | 做宾语(you gave me 少了个东西) |
| I read a book that makes me happy. | 做主语(makes 前面缺主语) |
| The passenger who is standing next to the check-in counter is Nancy. | 做主语 |
| the girl who wears her hair in a ponytail is Nancy. | 做主语 |
| the phone that makes me happy | 做主语 |
| This is a place that has blue chairs. | 做主语 |
| This is a place that makes me happy. | 做主语 |
板书在 I read a book that makes me happy. 这句上单独做了一次标注:在 that 上画了箭头,写「代词」—— 提醒你这里的 that 不是连接词,它在从句内部顶替了一个名词的位置,是有职务的。
板书中段还有一个替换练习,把 cafe has blue chairs 这句话改写成从句:
cafe has blue chairs
↓
This is a place that has blue chairs.
同一条线上还写了一串半成品,都是在练「名词 + that + 动词」这个节奏:
book that makes me ／ music that finds me ／ beverage that wakes me ／ world that ___ ／ world where I feel happy
最后那两个 world that ___ 和 world where I feel happy 并排放在一起,是这一课的题眼:同样一个 world,后面跟 that 就得缺一块,跟 where 就得是完整句。
关系副词:where / why / when —— 在从句里做状语
板书左栏按「时间 / 地点 / 原因」分了三组:
时间 when
This is a time when I feel happy.
This is a time when I feel tired.
2008 was the year when the financial crisis broke out.
I still remember the day when we met.
原因 why
this is the reason why I called you
this is the reason why I met you
this is the reason why I drink
地点 where
This is a place where I was born.
this is a place where cultural heritage 文化遗产 was passed down
右下角又重复了一次这条:
this is a place where I feel happy
this is a reason why I like it.
板书底部把这一组归了类:关系副词 = 状语:时间、地点、原因 —— when / where / why。
关键对照:一句话说清区别
| 关系代词 that / which / who | 关系副词 where / why / when | |
|---|---|---|
| 在从句里的职务 | 主语 / 宾语 | 状语(地点 / 时间 / 原因) |
| 从句完整吗 | 不完整,少一块 | 完整,SVO 齐全 |
| 板书例句 | This is a place that makes me happy. | This is a place where I was born. |
| 换成介词短语 | in which |
板书在 This is a place where I was born. 旁边专门写了 in which —— where 拆开就是 in which,而 in which 后面的句子是完整的,这就印证了「关系副词 = 介词 + which」,它顶的是状语的位置。
📐 语法点:that 的另一种身份 —— 同位语的引导词
板书在右栏单独开了一小块,写的是:
that —— 同位语的引导词
the reason that ...
the fact that he lied to me ...
这里的 that 不在从句里做任何成分,它只是把后面一整句话贴到前面的名词上,解释这个名词是什么内容。板书把 the reason that 和 the fact that he lied to me 并排写,并在旁边写了 makes me happy。
再往下是板书现场的批改痕迹:一句 I feel happy is true. 被写在下面,is 上打了标记 —— 说明一个完整的句子不能直接当主语,要先用 the fact that... 把它包起来才能放到句子前面去。这也是为什么同一栏里 the reason that / the fact that 会跟 makes me happy 摆在一起:主语太长了,得先装箱。
💬 说话怎么用引子
板书标题的后半句是「说话如何利用引子」。这一节用两个 P1 问题演示。
Q1: What kind of clothes do you like to wear?
板书把关键词 clothe 拎出来(正字是 clothes),然后一分为二:
like to wear | clothes that make me comfortable
I like to wear clothes that make me comfortable.
板书在这里又标了一次 N that 和 代词 —— 从句挂在 clothes 后面,that 在从句里做主语。这就是「答 P1 只用一句话,把从句挂在名词上」的做法。
Q3: Do you like wearing T-shirts?
板书写的是「喜好」这一类的开头:
I am really into T-shirts.
T-shirts is a clothing that makes me comfortable.
接着是引子串:
you know ／ and ／ so ／ yeah
板书在 you know、and、so、yeah 上面各画了圈和箭头,把它们当成说话的接口 —— 想到哪儿卡住了,先用引子把话头接住,再往下说。
然后是一段答话的推进路线:
| 步骤 | 板书上的句子 | 作用 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | when I feel comfortable, I can be creative. | 给了个条件(感觉舒服 → 有创造力) |
| 2 | you know, I am a girl who likes drawing. | 用 who 从句交代身份 |
| 3 | I like to draw, sitting on a grassland, in a comfortable T-shirts. | 画面 + 伴随状语 |
| 4 | it makes me be more able to capture the unique moment that I can't capture in the future | 收尾:价值 / 感受 |
板书在第二步旁边标了「创造力?」,在第四步里用了 who 和 that 两个关系代词,正好把这一课的语法点落到口语里。
另外板书还记了一条小词块:
I can't back off ／ back you up(支持)
💬 课上精听的材料:一段全是关系代词的评论
课上放了一段讲「活在当下」的视频,板书截了评论区。板书记下的英文是:
you know, the phrase "live in the present" has been thrown around so much by you people that it's almost lost all meaning.
Living in the present means exactly what it says.
Too few can understand
还有一条翻译过来的长评论,通篇都在用 who:
You open League of Legends, click on match history, and see yesterday's ten consecutive losses.
You even remember clearly the opponents who taunted you and the teammates who played like pigs.
You feel pain and regret, you beat your chest and stomp your feet.
Congratulations, you're living in the past.
板书把两个 who 从句圈出来 —— 这就是前面讲的「关系代词在从句里做主语」,只不过真人说话时会连着用两个。
📖 词汇与表达
| 英文 | 中文 | 搭配 / 用法 |
|---|---|---|
| attributive clause | 定语从句 | |
| relative pronoun | 关系代词 | that / which / who |
| relative adverb | 关系副词 | where / why / when |
| subject | 主语 | subjective 主观的 |
| verb | 谓语动词 | |
| object | 宾语 | objective 客观的 |
| cultural heritage | 文化遗产 | a place where cultural heritage was passed down |
| financial crisis | 金融危机 | 2008 was the year when the financial crisis broke out |
| break out | 爆发 | |
| check-in counter | 值机柜台 | standing next to the check-in counter |
| ponytail | 马尾 | wears her hair in a ponytail |
| beverage | 饮品 | beverage that wakes me |
| grassland | 草地 | sitting on a grassland |
| capture | 捕捉、拍下 | capture the unique moment |
| creative | 有创造力的 | I can be creative |
| back off | 退让 | I can't back off |
| back you up | 支持你 | |
| live in the present | 活在当下 | |
| taunt | 嘲讽 | the opponents who taunted you |
| consecutive | 连续的 | ten consecutive losses |
| match history | 战绩记录 | |
| comment section | 评论区 |
⚠️ 提醒 / 易错
1. 先看从句缺不缺,再决定用哪个词
- 从句缺主语或宾语 → 用 that / which / who;
- 从句主谓宾齐全 → 用 where / why / when(它们顶的是状语的位置)。
板书把 This is a place that makes me happy. 和 This is a place where I was born. 摆在一起,就是让你用眼睛看这个差别 —— 前一句 makes 前面空着,后一句 I was born 什么都不缺。
2. where 就是 in which
板书在 This is a place where I was born. 下面写了 in which。拿不准用 where 还是 that 的时候,先在脑子里补回介词:补得出 in / at / on which,就用 where;补不出,就用 that。
3. 名词后面的 that,先分清是「代替」还是「贴标签」
| 类型 | 例子 | that 的作用 |
|---|---|---|
| 定语从句 | I read a book that makes me happy. | 代替 book,在从句里做主语 |
| 同位语从句 | the fact that he lied to me | 不做成分,只把后面的内容贴上来说明 fact |
板书专门给同位语那一类标了「同位语的引导词」,就是怕你把两种 that 混着用。
4. 长句子的办法:把主语装箱
I feel happy is true. 这种写法不成立 —— 一个句子不能直接当主语。正确做法是用 the fact that... 那样的名词短语把它包起来,再让 makes me happy 接着往下走。
5. 说话卡住,先用引子
板书反复圈的是 you know / and / so / yeah 这几个词。它们是说话的接口,不是废话:先用它们把气口占住,脑子里同时组装下一句 —— 下一句往往就是一个 N + that 的定语从句。
