📌 这节课讲了什么
这节课拿一份真实文本开刀 —— Memorandum of understanding between the US and Iran(美伊谅解备忘录),看英语句子是怎么「越长越长的」:一个核心名词后面可以一层一层挂修饰,一层的尾巴又变成下一层的头,这就是分层修饰。课上先把标题拆成三层,再把板书上标着 6 的那一整段拆开,用「谁干了啥」找出主干,再逐层看每一层是怎么挂上去的;同时用 agreed upon by both parties 讲清了「非谓语动词」这个分身概念。最后用运动、霍尔木兹海峡、画画三道口语题,把同一套结构从书面搬到口头。
主线一句话:先把主干说清楚,再一层层往上挂。
🧱 方法:分层修饰 —— 名词后面挂一串
板书上的标题本身就是三层结构:
Memorandum of understanding between the US and Iran
| 层 | 挂上去的东西 | 作用 |
|---|---|---|
| 第 1 层 | Memorandum | 核心名词:备忘录 |
| 第 2 层 | of understanding | 说明是什么备忘录 —— 谅解 |
| 第 3 层 | between the US and Iran | 说明是谁和谁的 |
只要一层一层挂得住,句子就能一直长下去,而且读者不会迷路。板书上的示范句是:
I read about memorandum of understanding between the US and Iran.
定语和状语用的都是同一招 —— 介词短语往名词后面挂:
| 类型 | 板书例子 | 合起来 |
|---|---|---|
| 定语 | the book ／ on the table ／ next to the apple | The book on the table next to the apple is good. |
| 状语 | we communicate through technology ／ have meals with a pair of chopsticks | 介词短语说明「用什么方式」 |
两个定语可以连着挂:on the table 挂完,再挂 next to the apple,名词被一层层「钉」在桌面上。
🔍 长难句拆解:标着 6 的那一段
板书上的整段原文:
6 — The United States undertakes, together with its regional partners, to create a comprehensive plan agreed upon by both parties for the rehabilitation and economic development of the Islamic Republic of Iran, while ensuring financing of at least $300 billion. The implementation mechanism of this plan, as part of the final agreement, will be formulated within 60 days.
板书用「慢 / 快」标了朗读节奏:主干 The United States undertakes 慢读,插入的 together with its regional partners 快读带过,到 for the rehabilitation... 和 while ensuring financing of at least $300 billion 又慢下来。读长句的诀窍:主干慢、插入语快。
第一步:找主干(板书叫「谁干了啥」)
| 内容 | |
|---|---|
| 谁主 | The United States |
| 干谓 | undertakes to create |
| 啥宾 | a plan |
第二步:看挂上去的几层(板书逐条编号)
- together with its regional partners —— 短语:介词短语,「与区域盟友一起」
- agreed upon by both parties —— 挂在 plan 后面
- for the rehabilitation and economic development —— 介词短语,说明这个 plan 是为了什么
- while ensuring financing of at least $300 billion dollars —— 板书编号「5」,标「同时保证」
紧接着是第二句,同样是一层套一层:
The implementation mechanism of this plan, as part of the final agreement, will be formulated within 60 days.
板书把 $300 billion 单独圈出来,又在旁边写了一个大大的 3:0。
📐 语法点:agreed —— 动词的「分身」
板书对这一段的注解,是整节课最核心的一条:
agree(不讲谓语动词本身)
agreed 分身 - 非谓语动词 有本体的一定能力 但是不是本体。 同时修饰着 plan.
意思是:agree 是这个动作的「本体」;agreed 是它派出来的「分身」—— 它长得像动词、带着动词的能力(能带自己的尾巴 upon by both parties),但它不当谓语,所以不能自己当句子的发动机。它的任务只有一个:修饰名词。
plan / agreed upon by both parties.
板书列了一串「分身修饰名词」的例子,可以照着套:
| 名词 | 挂上去的分身 |
|---|---|
| McFlurry | topped with oreo |
| music | designed for happiness |
| sa cha sauce | dotted with cilantro / coriander(点缀着) |
| an exciting football match | played at the national stadium |
板书把这些统一叫定语,并编了号:
- played at the national stadium
- that ended three nil to the home team
- (板书第 3 条空着,没有写)
第 1 条是分身(过去分词),第 2 条是从句 —— 两条路都能挂,选哪条看你自己顺手。
板书还列了一组可以换着用的动词:do / make / create,旁边写着「and - 动词 / also 动词」。
💬 用这些结构说口语
运动类
板书问题:Do you like watching sports programs on TV?
课上精听的是解说员的情绪:
During world cup, COMMENTATOR 解说员.
emotion magnified by the commentator that
it's the US once again on the board early
he was so excited that he wasn't paying attention to whether there was offside or a foul, because whistle blows for these 2 reasons.
配套的说法:
- foul 犯规 ／ offside 越位
- proud of their country ／ keep watching it till the end ／ determination to win the game
- the whistle goes for either offside or a foul —— 哨声响起意味着两种情况
- 板书中文注解:他太激动,以至于是否越位他不在乎。还说,今天美国又早早登上记分牌。比分是 one nil US.
足球记忆类
板书问题:Do you like watching football games? ✓
I am starting to like it.
I remember a match between the US and Australia during the world cup.
When they struck a goal, the commentator was so excited that he wasn't paying attention to whether there was offside or a foul, because whistle blows for these 2 reasons.
emotion magnified by the commentator, even whistle blew right after the strike, makes me fall in love with football again.
板书在这一段旁边写了「录视频」—— 这段就是可以对着镜头说出来的整段答案。
海峡类
板书把 霍尔木兹海峡 几个字写得很大,示范怎么把「分层」用到自己的观点里:
so that the Iranians will open the Strait of Hormuz
The US build a plan for reboosting economy of Iran, and they are doing it with its partners, and they both have to say OK, which means the Iranians will open the Strait of Hormuz, ensuring financing of 300 billion dollars.
最后一句 ensuring financing of 300 billion dollars 就是挂在句尾的分身,和标着 6 的那段里的 while ensuring financing... 是同一个套路。
艺术类
板书问题:Do you like art?
depicting 描绘
every painting depicting happiness is what I like.
I am drawing an oil painting for depicting happiness.
跟谁画:with Nancy
I might post it online before we both are ok with it, ensuring we don't have a fight against each other.
注意 depicting happiness 又是分身挂名词;ensuring we don't have a fight 又是句尾分身。
板书底部单独圈了一个词组:dumb luck(傻人有傻福、纯属运气)。
🔊 发音要点:Memorandum
板书把 Memorandum 拆成四块,一块一块对音:
| 音节 | 音标 | 口型提示(板书) |
|---|---|---|
| Me | /e/ | 咧嘴 😄 |
| mo | /ə/ | 呃 |
| ran | /æ/ | 咧嘴 😄 |
| dum | /ə/ | 呃 |
板书底下写着一排音标 e / ə / æ / ə,旁边标注「呃」和「咧大嘴」,并把「咧嘴😄」画到 Me 和 ran 上;右上角另标了「不闭嘴」和「闭嘴😬」两个口型提示。要背就把四个音节连着念:Mem-mo-ran-dum。
📖 词汇与表达
| 英文 | 中文 | 搭配 / 用法 |
|---|---|---|
| memorandum | 备忘录 | Memorandum of understanding 谅解备忘录 |
| undertake | 承诺、承担 | undertakes to create 承诺要制定 |
| comprehensive | 全面的 | a comprehensive plan |
| rehabilitation | 重建、恢复 | the rehabilitation and economic development |
| implementation | 执行、落实 | the implementation mechanism |
| formulate | 制定 | will be formulated within 60 days |
| agreed upon | 商定 | agreed upon by both parties |
| regional partners | 区域盟友 | together with its regional partners |
| commentator | 解说员 | emotion magnified by the commentator |
| magnify | 放大 | magnified by |
| offside | 越位 | footballer is offside |
| foul | 犯规 | the whistle goes for either offside or a foul |
| whistle | 哨声 | whistle blows for these 2 reasons |
| strike / struck | 射门、击中 | struck a goal |
| nil | 零 | three nil to the home team |
| determination | 决心 | determination to win the game |
| reboost | 重振 | reboosting economy of Iran |
| depict | 描绘 | every painting depicting happiness |
| dotted with | 点缀着 | sa cha sauce dotted with cilantro |
| topped with | 上面铺着 | McFlurry topped with oreo |
| dumb luck | 傻运气 | 板书圈出的口语词 |
⚠️ 提醒 / 易错
- 别把分身当谓语:agreed upon by both parties 是挂在 plan 后面的修饰,句子真正的谓语只有 undertakes。写长句之前先问自己:谁主、干谓、啥宾?
- 慢 / 快要分开:主干慢读,插入语(together with its regional partners)快读。全句一个速度,听的人会迷路。
- 同一个意思有两条挂法:过去分词(played at the national stadium)和定语从句(that ended three nil to the home team)都能修饰名词,选一个用顺手的。
- 板书上「定语」的第 3 条空着没有写,复习时自己补一条练手。
