📌 这节课讲了什么
这节课的名字叫「如何看懂英语」,主线是把上节课句子分层的方法再往下推进一步:一个句子只干一件事——先找到谁干了啥;剩下的「的」「方式」「伴随」「时间」都是挂上去的。
课上把四类「挂件」一个个拆开讲:
- 定语从句 = 「的」:which / that / in which 的三步处理,配上 a coffee shop 的三个版本;
- 名词 + 介词 + 名词 = 「的」:indication of an appreciation、the bridge over the river;
- TO DO 的两副面孔:当状语(目的),还是当定语修饰名词;
- T/F/NG 的判断流程:是 / 否 / 不知道 —— 判断必须客观,原文没说的不能自己补。
练习部分把 Roman shipbuilding and navigation 的题做完,又加了两篇:Four business values(第 31–40 题)和 Conflict at work(第 31 题)。
板书对这一整节课的提醒只有一句:
谁干了啥 —— 先看主干,再看转折、递进。
🧱 方法一:定语从句 = 「的」,in which = where
板书用同一组意思写了三个版本的句子,专门处理「介词 + which」:
a coffee shop which I was born in a coffee shop in which I was born a coffee shop where I was born
板书把 in which 拆成两步:
- 左右两边对调位置:I was born in a coffee shop;
- 把 which 删掉,保留介词 in。
板书另一处写得更直白:
- in which 左右两边对调位置;2. 得把 which 删掉,保留 in。
「的」的做法,板书给了同一个公式的两个说法:
关系:1. that / which 左右两边对调位置;2. that / which 换成「的」。
a song that makes me happy → makes me happy 的 song
a place which / that → where
再看关系代词和关系副词的分工:
a coffee shop that / which has blue chairs
板书把 that / which 叫做代词,并写了两条:
- 1. 代替左边的名词(先行词)
- 2. 做右边儿从句的主语
也就是说:代词在从句里顶一个位置;副词(where / in which)只做状语。
课堂上还画了「的」的传递方向:large merchant ships and warships whose size and technology were unequalled —— 板书把它压成两个白块:size and technology were unequalled + 的 + 战列舰。而 destroying the 后面,板书自己补上了 rain forest(原句里被截断的部分)。
🧱 方法二:名词 + 介词 + 名词,也是「的」
板书把两个名词之间的关系标成:
indication of an appreciation —— 说明 a bridge over the river —— 「上」的,即:河上的桥 板书原话:你看那河上的桥。
同一层意思的英文:
look at the bridge over the river
I am really into looking at the bridge over the river in the park. (板书旁注:我喜欢看 在公园里的 河上的 桥)
板书还把这串「的」排成了一列,像挂件一样一个一个往上加:
I like looking at the bridge over the river in the park. on the weekends especially when there is a sunset glow
注意方向:中文的「的」在英语里常常是介词,而不是 of。 板书在「红色的车」下面做了个对比,写着 car / of / red 并打了一个叉 —— 提醒「红的车」不是 car of red 的语序。
板书同时给了两个自问:
定语 ==== 的 —— 啥时候才要说的??? 形容东西的时候~~~~~~~~!!!!!!!
🧱 方法三:读句子先看逗号,再做「动词 + 名词」体检
板书在句子上圈出 current era 前的那个逗号,旁边写了两个动作:
看逗号 确认两边有没有动词 + 名词 靠在一起。
也就是:逗号两边,各自要能站住一个「动词 + 名词」的组合;站不住,就说明从句还没结束。
板书同时给了两条读法上的分工:
口语 —— 容器思维、倒水思维 阅读 —— 土壤思维
What I need is a cup of coffee.(板书旁注:事情 / 我需要)
🧱 方法四:TO DO 的两副面孔
板书把 TO DO 分成两种身份:
| 身份 | 板书例句 | 作用 |
|---|---|---|
| 状语 | I want to go home | 表目的 |
| 定语 | a chance to relax | 修饰前面的名词 |
同一块板上的其他 TO DO:
I wear my wireless earbuds to listen to music.(板书标:to / for)
... to pick up my phone calls. ✓
... to avoid running into trouble
板书在旁边还写了:
日抛 —— 一天就丢 课抛 —— 一天就丢
📝 这节课练了什么
1. Roman shipbuilding and navigation:T/F/NG(第 1–5 题)
板书给出的答案:
| 题 | 题干 | 板书标注 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | The Romans' shipbuilding skills were passed on to the Greeks and the Egyptians. | F |
| 2 | Skilled craftsmen were needed for the mortise and tenon method of fixing planks. | NG |
| 3 | The later practice used by Mediterranean shipbuilders involved building the hull before the frame. | F |
| 4 | The Romans called the Mediterranean Sea Mare Nostrum because they dominated its use. | 板书未标答案 |
| 5 | Most rowers on ships were people from the Roman army. | 板书未标答案 |
判断流程(板书原文):
M 人 先做 H(对吗?原文是怎么说的?)
- 原文说「是」→ 题干的说法对
- 原文说「否」→ 与原文矛盾
- 原文「不知道」→ 就是 NOT GIVEN(板书把「不知道」圈了起来)
板书还把「知道」分成两档:都知道 / 不全知道。
判断的标准,板书只写了四个字:客观判断。中文例子讲得很清楚:
Don 说 我今晚吃拉面,不吃火锅。 别人问 Jun Don 说不喜欢吃火锅,因为他今晚吃拉面。
板书在这个转述上打了 ✗ / ✗,又打了一个 ✓,提醒:「不喜欢」是转述的人自己加的,原文根本没说 —— 判断只能对着原文,不能顺着「听起来合理」推下去。
原文对应的地方,板书也逐句划了线:
Studies of these have taught us that ancient Roman shipbuilders built the outer hull first, then proceeded with the frame and the rest of the ship.
Then in the first centuries of the current era, Mediterranean shipbuilders shifted to another shipbuilding method, still in use today, which consisted of building the frame first and then proceeding with the hull and the other components of the ship.
板书用一句话复述了它的意思:Roman shipbuilders built the hull first;另一处标注是:practice involved building the hull first √,方法 / 涉及 / 先造 H,used by Mediterranean shipbuilders。
第 2 题那里,板书把题干 box 了起来并写:对吗 —— 它和原文的差别就在「skilled craftsmen 是谁说的」。
词根小条(板书手写):
| 词根 | 方向 | 例词 |
|---|---|---|
| pro | 向前 | pro + ceed(词根:走) |
| suc | 向上 | suc + ceed |
| re | 向后 | re + cede |
2. Four business values(第 31–40 题)
板书原文(空格保留):
Many business values can result in 31 __ . Senior managers need to understand and deal with the potential 32 _ that may result. Collaboration(板书批注:合作不一定好) During a training course, the speaker was in a team that had to build a 33 . Other teams experienced 34 from trying to collaborate. The speaker's team won because they reduced collaboration. Sales of a 35 were poor because of collaboration. Industriousness Hard work may be a bad use of various company 36 . The word 'lazy' in this context refers to people who avoid doing tasks that are 37 . Creativity An advertising campaign for a 38 was memorable but failed to boost sales. Creativity should be used as a response to a particular 39 . Excellence According to one study, on average, pioneers had a 40 ___ that was far higher than that of followers. Companies that always aim at excellence may miss opportunities.
板书在旁边标的关键词:限定范围(对应题干的限定语)、团队、are 37 ______、Creativity!、hard / clever、拥有 → possess? intellectual clarity、don't rush into making decisions。
配套的原文(板书划了线):
There's a management model that groups people according to four criteria: clever, hard-working, stupid and lazy. Here 'lazy' means having a rational determination not to carry out unnecessary tasks. It doesn't mean trying to avoid work altogether. Most people display two of these characteristics, and the most valuable people are those who are both clever and lazy: they possess intellectual clarity, and they don't rush into making decisions. They come up with solutions to save the time and energy spent by the stupid and hard-working group. Instead of throwing more man-hours at a problem, the clever and lazy group looks for a more effective solution.
板书把这句的关键词单独拎了出来:come up with(板书:动词短语 / 想到)、to save the time and energy、instead of throwing more man-hours、lazy group looks for more effective solution、unnecessary tasks。
3. Conflict at work(第 31 题)
Conflict at work(板书批注:bullying) Conflict mostly consists of behaviour in the general category of 31 ______ .
板书把这段话的意思排成了一列,左边英文、右边中文:
| 板书英文 | 板书中文 |
|---|---|
| have changed | 时代变了 |
| was a time / had no right | 曾经没权利 |
| improve a lot | 现在改善很多 |
| conf is still common. | 但还普遍存在 |
| need to be able to deal with it. | 要能处理 |
下面还有一段:
definitions vary —— 板书批注:多变 taking it to refer to a range of behaviours that victim find unacceptable(板书圈了 victim)
板书中文:from 心理上的微小的 to ... 身体上 物理上;还有 is covered by the term ... bullying(板书把 bullying 圈了起来,并写了 ??? 表示答案待定)。
板书在这一块开头写的是:
复杂的事情简单化. 我完了 XXX? 复杂的情绪 / 很多很累 / 轻松画 1 个. 1 句~~
💬 这节课可以顺手背走的句子
They possess intellectual clarity, and they don't rush into making decisions.
They come up with solutions to save the time and energy spent by the stupid and hard-working group.
Instead of throwing more man-hours at a problem, the clever and lazy group looks for a more effective solution.
I wear my wireless earbuds to listen to music.
I wear my wireless earbuds to pick up my phone calls ... to avoid running into trouble ...
... when I am driving, because I have so many phone calls to pick up.
I rush into learning English, buying a house, selling my cars, quitting school — too soon.
I am really into ...(板书:在里面的状态 / 喜欢)
What I need is a cup of coffee.
📖 词汇与表达
| 英文 | 中文 | 搭配 / 用法 |
|---|---|---|
| appreciation | 欣赏 | an appreciation of ... |
| indication | 说明、表示 | indication of an appreciation |
| instruction | 说明 | 板书与 indication 并列 |
| possess | 拥有 | possess intellectual clarity |
| intellectual clarity | 头脑清醒 | they possess intellectual clarity |
| rush into | 急着做 | don't rush into making decisions |
| come up with | 想到、想出 | 动词短语;come up with solutions |
| solution | 解决办法 | a more effective solution |
| effective | 有效的 | more effective solution |
| unnecessary tasks | 不必要的任务 | carry out unnecessary tasks |
| man-hours | 工时 | throwing more man-hours at a problem |
| instead of | 而不是 | instead of throwing ... |
| intellectual | 智力的 | intellectual clarity |
| proceed | 继续、往下做 | pro(向前)+ ceed(走) |
| succeed | 成功 | suc(向上)+ ceed |
| recede | 后退 | re(向后)+ cede |
| consist of | 由……组成 | Conflict mostly consists of behaviour ... |
| behaviour | 行为 | behaviour in the general category of ... |
| victim | 受害者 | behaviours that victim find unacceptable(板书原文) |
| definitions vary | 定义不一 | 板书批注:多变 |
| unacceptable | 不可接受的 | find unacceptable |
| bullying | 霸凌 | 板书给的答案方向 |
| conflict | 冲突 | Conflict at work |
| deal with | 处理 | need to be able to deal with it |
| current era | 公元初 | the first centuries of the current era |
| hull | 船体 | built the outer hull first |
| frame | 骨架 | building the frame first |
| warship | 战舰 | 板书标注:战列舰 |
| unequalled | 无与伦比 | whose size and technology were unequalled |
| sophisticated | 精密的 | computers and sophisticated tools |
| estimation | 估计 | relying on estimation |
| wireless earbuds | 无线耳机 | 板书:无线 wireless |
| brick and mortar | 实体店 | 上节课的词,本课再现 |
| sunset glow | 晚霞 | especially when there is a sunset glow |
⚠️ 提醒 / 易错
- 判断只认原文:板书那四个字最要紧 —— 客观判断。「听起来合理」「顺理成章」都不是理由,原文没说的(比如 Don 到底喜不喜欢火锅)只能算 NOT GIVEN 的方向。
- T/F/NG 三选一之前先问自己:这个信息,原文是「说是」「说不是」还是「没说」?板书给的三档:是 / 否 / 不知道。
- 看逗号 + 动词名词配对:逗号两边先确认能不能各站住一组「动词 + 名词」。
- 介词是翅膀,也是「的」:bridge over the river = 河上的桥,别一见「的」就写 of。
- 关系代词和关系副词分工不同:that / which 要在从句里当主语或宾语;where / in which 只当状语。
- TO DO 看清身份:跟在 want 后面是状语(目的);跟在名词后面是定语(chance to relax)。
- 学到的表达当天用,不然就是板书说的「日抛、课抛 —— 一天就丢」。
